KINEMATIC VARIABLES AND BLOOD ACID-BASE STATUS IN THE ANALYSIS OF COLLEGIATE SWIMMERS’ ANAEROBIC CAPACITY

Short duration repeated maximal efforts are often used in swimming training to improve lactate tolerance, which gives swimmers the ability to maintain a high work rate for a longer period of time. The aim of the study was to examine the kinematics of swimming and its relation to the changes in blood acid-base status and potassium level. Seven collegiate swimmers, with at least 6 years of training experience, volunteered to participate in the study. The test consisted of 8 x 25 m front crawl performed with maximum effort. The rest period between repetitions was set to five seconds. Blood samples were taken from the fingertip at rest, after warm-up and in the 3rd minute after completion of the test. The swimming was recorded with a video recorder, for later analysis of time, velocity and technique (stroke index). Based on the swimming velocity results, the obtained curve can be divided into rapid decrease of velocity and relatively stable velocities. The breaking point of repetition in swimming velocity was assumed as the swimming velocity threshold and it was highly correlated with the decrease of the blood acid-base status (pH r=0.82, BE r=0.87, HCO3- r=0.76; p<0.05 in all cases). There was no correlation between stroke index or fatigue index and blood acid-base status. Analysis of the swimming speed in the 8 x 25 m test seems to be helpful in evaluation of lactate tolerance (anaerobic capacity) in collegiate swimmers

PROCES WYCHOWANIA WCZESNOSZKOLNEGO JAKO TŁO KULTURY FIZYCZNEJ

Rozwój dziecka jest bardzo ważny. Pierwszym etapem w rozwoju dziecka jest etap w domu rodzinnym. Dziecko od urodzenia zmienia się. Rozwija się psychicznie, emocjonalnie, ale przede wszystkim fizycznie. Dzieci rosną, kształtują im się mięśnie, wydłużają kończyny dolne i górne. Im dziecko staje się starsze, tym staje się wyższe i bardziej rozwinięte, ale żeby tak się stało, trzeba odpowiednio kierować tokiem rozwoju swoich pociech

MOTORYCZNOŚĆ DZIECI W WIEKU MŁODSZYM SZKOLNYM TRENUJĄCYCH I NIETRENUJĄCYCH PŁYWANIE

Dzieci w wieku 10 i 11 lat kwalifikują się do grupy młodszego okresu szkolnego. Nagła zmiana formy zajęć z wychowania fizycznego, jaką zaczyna wprowadzać nauczyciel wychowania fizycznego, z którym dzieci wcześniej nie miały styczności, nie jest bez znaczenia. Poprawia się sprawność fizyczna i zdolności motoryczne dzieci. Wśród intensywnych procesów występujących w organizmie młodego człowieka szczególne znaczenie dla rozwoju motoryczności ma proces osteogenezy

SIŁA JAKO PODSTAWA INNYCH ZDOLNOŚCI MOTORYCZNYCH W PŁYWANIU

Niniejsza praca ma na celu przedstawienie problematyki treningu siły. We wstępie poruszony zostanie temat fizjologicznych podstaw pracy mięśniowej. W dalszej części przedstawione zostaną tematy metodyki treningu siły na poszczególnych etapach rozwoju zawodnika z uwzględnieniem głównych celów treningu siły na danym poziomie rozwojowym. Omówione zostaną metody kontroli wykorzystywane w pracy treningowej z pływakami. W ostatniej części przedstawione będą również przykłady ćwiczeń siły mięśniowej dla pływaków, zarówno w wodzie jak i na lądzie, oraz sprzęt do nich wykorzystywany

Arbitrary absolute vs. individualized running speed thresholds in team sports: A scoping review with evidence gap map

The aims of this scoping review were (i) to characterize the main methodological approaches to assessing individualized running speed thresholds in team sports players; (ii) to assess the use of traditional arbitrary (absolute) thresholds compared to individualized running speed thresholds in team sports players; (iii) to provide an evidence gap map (EGM) about the approaches and study designs employed in investigations in team sports and (iv) to provide directions for future research and practical applications for the strength and conditioning field. Methods studies were searched for in the following databases: (i) PubMed; (ii) Scopus; (iii) SPORTDiscus and (iv) Web of Science. The search was conducted on 15/07/2022. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS). From 3,195 potentially relevant articles, 36 were eligible for inclusion in this review. Of the 36 included articles, 27 (75%) focused on the use of arbitrary and individualized running speed thresholds to describe the locomotor demands (e.g., high intensity running) of players. Thirty-four articles used individualized speed running thresholds based on physical fitness assessments (e.g., 40-m linear sprint) or physical performance (e.g., maximal acceleration). This scoping review supported the need for a greater focusto be placed on improving the methodological aspects of using individualized speed running thresholds in team sports. More than just creating alternatives to arbitrary thresholds, it is essential to increase the replicability of methodological conditions whilst ensuring that research comparing the most adequate measures and approaches to individualization takes into consideration the population and context of each study

Międzynarodowe wyzwania bezpieczeństwa

Praca recenzowana / peer-reviewed pape

Changes in Body Composition and Anthropomorphic Measurements in Children Participating in Swimming and Non-Swimming Activities

Background. Physical activity is a well-known means of obesity prevention, but the relationship between exercise frequency and body composition in children has not been thoroughly investigated. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the body composition of children aged 11–12 who regularly performed swimming and other sports as an organized extra-curricular physical activity for a 12-week period. Methods: The study included 46 students who attended swimming classes and 42 students who participated in training activities in other sports, including, but not limited to, football, basketball and athletics. Body height and body composition were measured using a Tanita BC 418 MA analyzer. The students individually reported their rate of perceived exertion during training using the Pictorial Children’s Effort Rating Table PCERT scale. Results: The weekly volume of training was substantially higher in the group of swimmers than in that playing other sports (12.3 h/week vs. 5.2 h/week, p &lt; 0.01). After 12 weeks of training, body height and weight significantly increased in both groups (p &lt; 0.001). However, the BMI value and adipose tissue content only increased in the group of non-swimmers. Swimmers perceived greater exertion during training than non-swimmers (7.1 vs. 5.8 on the PCERT scale, p &lt; 0.01). Conclusions: In early pubescent children, engaging in vigorous exercise such as swimming for at least 10 h a week may restrain the growth of adipose tissue. However, the variety of exercises that are typical of team sports, if performed for no more than 5 h a week, may be insufficient to restrain adipose tissue growth

Assessment of Pain and External Load in Amputee Football Using Digital Pain Drawing and GNSS Tracking&mdash;A Pilot Study

Amputee Football (AF) players move using lofstrand crutches (LC) and a single leg during training and matches, which may expose them to excessive loads. Due to a lack of scientific articles describing these issues, this pilot study aims to gain insight into the assessment of pain experiences, as well as external loads during training and matches in AF. An observational study design was followed. Twelve male AF players (2 goalkeepers&mdash;GK and 10 field players&mdash;FP), 29.9 &plusmn; 8.7 years, stature 178.3 &plusmn; 6.5 cm, body mass 77.2 &plusmn; 8.9 kg were involved in the study. After stature and body mass measures, participants filled out the questionnaire for pain. The players were familiarized with digital pain drawing (DPD). Afterwards, they reported pain typically felt in relation to regular AF training and playing matches&mdash;recall pain (RP). During a two-day training camp (TC) with two training sessions each day and during a two-day international tournament (IT) with two matches each day, the players were monitored using DPD, rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and overall pain level (OPL) scales. In addition, during an international tournament (IT), match players were monitored using a GNSS tracking system for external load assessment. All of the participants reported multiple locations of pain after AF training or a match. The area of recall pain (RP) was the highest: +0.5% when compared to the end of TC and +43% when compared to end of IT. The pain area registered at the end of IT was significantly lower (p = 0.028) compared to RP and lower without statistical significance when compared to the end of TC. Average RPE was 3.31 &plusmn; 1.38 and average OPL was 2.86 &plusmn; 1.81 in 0&ndash;10 scale. Typical RPE was higher than that registered at the end of IT. Also typical OPL was higher compared to that registered after the end of TC, which was higher than after the end of IT. The average distance covered by a FP during a match ranged from 2483.14 &plusmn; 583.64 m to 2911.08 &plusmn; 828.90 m. AF field players suffered pain as a consequence of training and matches. The loads coming from playing and training, combined with pain, may lead to injuries. Further research directions should include assessments of the relationship of pain characteristics, injuries and GNSS tracking parameters