Tutte Short Exact Sequences of Graphs

We associate two modules, the $G$-parking critical module and the toppling critical module, to an undirected connected graph $G$. We establish a Tutte-like short exact sequence relating the modules associated to $G$, an edge contraction $G/e$ and edge deletion $G \setminus e$ ($e$ is a non-bridge). As applications of these short exact sequences, we relate the vanishing of certain combinatorial invariants (the number of acyclic orientations on connected partition graphs satisfying a unique sink property) of $G/e$ to the equality of corresponding invariants of $G$ and $G \setminus e$. We also obtain a short proof of a theorem of Merino that the critical polynomial of a graph is an evaluation of its Tutte polynomial.Comment: 40 pages, 3 figure

Foreign Aid, Sustainable Development and Rapti IRDP

Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology - Volume 9, 200

Healer Choice in Medically Pluralistic Cultural Settings: An Overview of Nepali Medical Pluralism

Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology - Volume 8, 200

THE CREDIT CARD FRAUD: INFLATION, CULTURE OF BORROWING AND RISING ECONOMIC INEQUALITY

The use of credit card has become a fashion and a symbol of social status, but very few people understand the problems related with its use. Credit card is a tool of the practice of fractional reserve banking of today’s banking industry. This paper tries to explore the implications of the use of credit card in specific, and through that the fractional reserve banking in general. It shows how credit card generates inflation, how it promotes the culture of borrowing by discouraging honest living and how it increases economic inequality in the society.Credit card, Fractional reserve banking, Central bank, Debit card, Money, Money creation, Inflation, Borrowing, Economic inequality

Mending the Meltdown: Fending off the Interventions and Resurrecting the Market

This paper gives an Austrian economics answer to the present world economic crisis. It uses the Austrian Business Cycle Theory to analyze the root causes of this crisis and then presents the real solution of this problem.Austrian Business Cycle Theory; ABCT; Gold Standard; Commodity money; Federal Reserve; Fractional Reserve Banking; Business Cycle; Time preference; Keynes; Economic meltdown; Financial crisis; Ludwig von Mises; Rothbard; Hazlitt

AGRICULTURAL POLICY REFORMS AND SPATIAL INTEGRATION OF FOOD GRAIN MARKETS IN INDIA

Applying the maximum likelihood method of co-integration, this paper examines the impact of agricultural policy reforms on spatial integration of food grain markets in India. The extent of spatial integration of food grain markets has improved during the post-reform period, as the regional markets, which were either segmented or poorly integrated during the pre-reform period, are found to be strongly integrated, and in most cases to such an extent that satisfies the relative version of the law of one price. The agricultural policy reforms undertaken by the Indian government seem to have contributed towards improving the extent of spatial integration of food grain markets. The results offer important policy implications.Co-integration, Market Integration, Law of One Price, Indian Food Grain Market,¡¡Agricultural Reforms

State of Elementary Education in Public Schools of Gujarat: A Study of Schools Run by the Bharuch Municipality

In India the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments have given powers and responsibility of achieving the goal of Universal Elementary Education (UEE) to the local body governments. The present study has examined the situation of elementary schools run by Bharuch municipality. The evidence show that the situation of elementary education is unsatisfactory and in bad shape. The number of schools has declined rapidly, the learning levels of students are miserable, community participation is almost non-existent, private cost of so called free municipality education is high; and the state of the mid-day meal scheme looks very grim. Municipality schools are loosing ground in Bharuch city.Bharuch municipality, Elementary education, Education, UEE, Local body government