Tests for exponentiality against NBUE alternatives: a Monte Carlo comparison

Testing of various classes of life distributions has been addressed in the literature for more than 45 years. In this paper, we consider the problem of testing exponentiality (which essentially implies no ageing) against positive ageing which is captured by the fairly large class of new better than used in expectation (NBUE) distributions. These tests of exponentiality against NBUE alternatives are discussed and compared. The empirical size of the tests is obtained by simulations. Power comparisons for different popular alternatives are done using Monte Carlo simulations. These comparisons are made for both small and large sample sizes. The paper concludes with a discussion in which suggestions are made regarding the choices of the test when a particular alternative is suspected

The exact null distribution of the generalized Hollander-Proschan type test for NBUE alternatives

In this note we derive the exact null distribution for the test statistic proposed by Anis and Mitra (2011) for testing exponentiality against NBUE alternatives. As a special case, we obtain the exact null distribution for the test statistic proposed by Hollander and Proschan (1975). Selected critical values for different size are tabulated for these two statistics. Some remarks concerning the benefits of using the exact distribution are made.Comment: 9 pages, 3 Table

Design and Implementation of Fibre Optic Sensor for Soil Moisture Detection

In this paper, the design and implementation of a fibre optic sensor system for moisture detection are reported. The basic concept of a fibre optic sensor is to detect any changes in the intensity of light that travels inside the fibre. The paper describes the sensor design, the experimental setup and four examples of sensor prototypes. A phototransistor is used to detect light in the fibre optic, while Arduino nano is utilised to read the output data. Four different sensors with different length and width are employed to detect the level of soil moisture. The effects of sensor dimensions on the soil moisture detection are studied. The most stable response provided by two sensors, one with 1-inch width and 0.63 inches length and the other design is with the dimension of 1- inch and 0.87 inches length

Physicochemical and sensorial evaluation of biscuit and muffin incorporated with young corn powder

Various types of natural fibre-rich ingredients are added into bakery-based products to improve their fibre content for health promotional purposes. However, most of these products are frequently added with imported dietary fibre ingredients. The aim of this study was to develop bakery products incorporated with young corn powder (YCP) and to evaluate the effects on physicochemical properties and sensory acceptabilities. Dried young corn was used to substitute wheat flour in biscuit and muffin formulations at different levels (0, 10, 20 and 30%). The effects of YCP incorporation on proximate compositions, physical characteristics, texture profile and sensory evaluation of both bakery products were investigated. The present results showed that YCP had significantly increased protein and total dietary fibre contents of both biscuit and muffin. Hardness attribute of both products increased in line with the level of YCP addition. Interestingly, biscuit and muffin containing 10% YCP received better score than the control and other formulations for most of the sensorial attributes judged. In conclusion, YCP can be potentially be used as an alternative functional ingredient for partial replacement of wheat flour in formulating biscuit and muffin because of its ability to improve the nutritional quality without jeopardizing sensorial palatability

The exact null distribution of the generalized Hollander-Proschan type test for NBUE alternatives

In this note we derive the exact null distribution for the test statistic proposed by Anis and Mitra (2011) for testing exponentiality against NBUE alternatives. As a special case, we obtain the exact null distribution for the test statistic K* proposed by Hollander and Proschan (1975). Selected critical values for different sizes are tabulated for these two statistics. Some remarks concerning the benefits of using the exact distribution are made.Mean residual life Order statistics Scale invariant

Difference in structural and chemical properties of sol–gel spin coated Al doped TiO2, Y doped TiO2 and Gd doped TiO2 based on trivalent dopants

n this research, pure titanium dioxide (TiO2) and doped TiO2 thin film layers were prepared using the spin coating method of titanium(IV) butoxide on a glass substrate from the sol–gel method and annealed at 500 �C. The effects on the structural and chemical properties of these thin films were then investigated. The metal doped TiO2 thin film which exists as trivalent electrons consists of aluminium (Al), yttrium (Y) and gadolinium (Gd). The anatase phase of the thin films was observed and it was found that the crystal size became smaller when the concentration of thin film increased. The grain size was found to be 0.487 to 13.925 nm. The types of surface morphologies of the thin films were nanoporous, with a little agglomeration and smaller nanoparticles corresponding to Al doped TiO2, Y doped TiO2 and Gd doped TiO2, respectively. The trivalent doping concentration of the thin films increased with a rising of thickness of the thin film. This can contribute to the defects that give advantages to the thin film when the mobility of the hole carriers is high and the electrons of Ti can move easily. Thus, Ti3+ existed as a defect state in the metal doped TiO2 thin film based on lattice distortion with a faster growth thin film that encouraged the formation of a higher level of oxygen vacancy defects