In-situ Ti-6Al-4V/TiC composites synthesized by reactive spark plasma sintering : processing, microstructure, and dry sliding wear behaviour

Titanium carbide (TiC) reinforced Titanium Matrix Composites (TMCs) have been synthesized via an in-situ reactive spark plasma sintering (SPS) process using commercial Ti-6Al-4V spherical powders pre-coated with 1 wt% carbon nanoparticles by low-energy ball milling. Graphite flakes are used as carbon source, which aids powder flow during mixing as lubricant. Graphite transforms to nano-crystallite carbon during mixing which is favourable for the rapid formation of TiC second phase in the following SPS process. The composites exhibited a novel honeycomb-like cellular microstructure with the formation of 5–6 vol% fine TiC submicron grains interconnected in the titanium α/β matrix. In addition, the reinforcement of the TiC phase with a nano-hardness of 12.4 GPa, improves the wear resistance of the parent alloy matrix (5.1 GPa), with a reduction of 26–28% in wear rate during dry reciprocating sliding tests against Si3N4 balls. During sliding, the wear debris (predominantly anatase TiO2) builds up on the raised TiC hard phase forming a barrier layer of adhered oxide that can protect the alloy matrix underneath from abrasion and oxidation, leading to a reduced wear rate

Lattice Boltzmann for Binary Fluids with Suspended Colloids

A new description of the binary fluid problem via the lattice Boltzmann method is presented which highlights the use of the moments in constructing two equilibrium distribution functions. This offers a number of benefits, including better isotropy, and a more natural route to the inclusion of multiple relaxation times for the binary fluid problem. In addition, the implementation of solid colloidal particles suspended in the binary mixture is addressed, which extends the solid-fluid boundary conditions for mass and momentum to include a single conserved compositional order parameter. A number of simple benchmark problems involving a single particle at or near a fluid-fluid interface are undertaken and show good agreement with available theoretical or numerical results.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, ICMMES 200

On intermediate subfactors of Goodman-de la Harpe-Jones subfactors

In this paper we present a conjecture on intermediate subfactors which is a generalization of Wall's conjecture from the theory of finite groups. Motivated by this conjecture, we determine all intermediate subfactors of Goodman-Harpe-Jones subfactors, and as a result we verify that Goodman-Harpe-Jones subfactors verify our conjecture. Our result also gives a negative answer to a question motivated by a conjecture of Aschbacher-Guralnick.Comment: To appear in Comm. Math. Phy

First Principles Calculations of Fe on GaAs (100)

We have calculated from first principles the electronic structure of 0.5 monolayer upto 5 monolayer thick Fe layers on top of a GaAs (100) surface. We find the Fe magnetic moment to be determined by the Fe-As distance. As segregates to the top of the Fe film, whereas Ga most likely is found within the Fe film. Moreover, we find an asymmetric in-plane contraction of our unit-cell along with an expansion perpendicular to the surface. We predict the number of Fe 3d-holes to increase with increasing Fe thickness on $p$-doped GaAs.Comment: 9 pages, 14 figures, submitted to PR

Ab initio and finite-temperature molecular dynamics studies of lattice resistance in tantalum

This manuscript explores the apparent discrepancy between experimental data and theoretical calculations of the lattice resistance of bcc tantalum. We present the first results for the temperature dependence of the Peierls stress in this system and the first ab initio calculation of the zero-temperature Peierls stress to employ periodic boundary conditions, which are those best suited to the study of metallic systems at the electron-structure level. Our ab initio value for the Peierls stress is over five times larger than current extrapolations of experimental lattice resistance to zero-temperature. Although we do find that the common techniques for such extrapolation indeed tend to underestimate the zero-temperature limit, the amount of the underestimation which we observe is only 10-20%, leaving open the possibility that mechanisms other than the simple Peierls stress are important in controlling the process of low temperature slip.Comment: 12 pages and 9 figure

Age and anatomy of the Gongga Shan batholith, eastern Tibetan Plateau, and its relationship to the active Xianshui-he fault

The Gongga Shan batholith of eastern Tibet, previously documented as a ca. 32–12.8 Ma granite pluton, shows some of the youngest U-Pb granite crystallization ages recorded from the Tibetan Plateau, with major implications for the tectonothermal history of the region. Field observations indicate that the batholith is composite; some localities show at least seven crosscutting phases of granitoids that range in composition from diorite to leucocratic monzogranite. In this study we present U-Pb ages of zircon and allanite dated by laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry on seven samples, to further investigate the chronology of the batholith. The age data constrain two striking tectonic-plutonic events: a complex Triassic–Jurassic (ca. 215–159 Ma) record of biotite-hornblende granodiorite, K-feldspar megacrystic granite and leucogranitic plutonism, and a Miocene (ca. 14–5 Ma) record of monzonite-leucogranite emplacement. The former age range is attributed to widespread Indosinian tectonism, related to Paleo-Tethyan subduction zone magmatism along the western Yangtze block of south China. The younger component may be related to localized partial melting (muscovite dehydration) of thickened Triassic flysch-type sediments in the Songpan-Ganze terrane, and are among the youngest crustal melt granites exposed on the Tibetan Plateau. Zircon and allanite ages reflect multiple crustal remelting events; the youngest, ca. 5 Ma, resulted in dissolution and crystallization of zircons and growth and/or resetting of allanites. The young garnet, muscovite, and biotite leucogranites occur mainly in the central part of the batholith and adjacent to the eastern margin of the batholith at Kangding, where they are cut by the left-lateral Xianshui-he fault. The Xianshui-he fault is the most seismically active strike-slip fault in Tibet and is thought to record the eastward extrusion of the central part of the Tibetan Plateau. The fault obliquely cuts all granites of the Gongga Shan massif and has a major transpressional component in the Kangding-Moxi region. The course of the Xianshui Jiang river is offset by ∼62 km along the Xianshui-he fault and in the Kangding area granites as young as ca. 5 Ma are cut by the fault. Our new geochronological data show that only a part of the Gongga Shan granite batholith is composed of young (Miocene) melt, and we surmise that as most of eastern Tibet is composed of Precambrian–Triassic Indosinian rocks, there is no geological evidence to support regional Cenozoic internal thickening or metamorphism and no evidence for eastward-directed lower crustal flow away from Tibet. We suggest that underthrusting of Indian lower crust north as far as the Xianshui-he fault resulted in Cenozoic uplift of the eastern plateau

The PL calibration for Milky Way Cepheids and its implications for the distance scale

The rationale behind recent calibrations of the Cepheid PL relation using the Wesenheit formulation is reviewed and reanalyzed, and it is shown that recent conclusions regarding a possible change in slope of the PL relation for short-period and long-period Cepheids are tied to a pathological distribution of HST calibrators within the instability strip. A recalibration of the period-luminosity relation is obtained using Galactic Cepheids in open clusters and groups, the resulting relationship, described by log L/L_sun = 2.415(+-0.035) + 1.148(+-0.044)log P, exhibiting only the moderate scatter expected from color spread within the instability strip. The relationship is confirmed by Cepheids with HST parallaxes, although without the need for Lutz-Kelker corrections, and in general by Cepheids with revised Hipparcos parallaxes, albeit with concerns about the cited precisions of the latter. A Wesenheit formulation of Wv = -2.259(+-0.083) - 4.185(+-0.103)log P for Galactic Cepheids is tested successfully using Cepheids in the inner regions of the galaxy NGC 4258, confirming the independent geometrical distance established for the galaxy from OH masers. Differences between the extinction properties of interstellar and extragalactic dust may yet play an important role in the further calibration of the Cepheid PL relation and its application to the extragalactic distance scale.Comment: Accepted for Publication (Astrophysics & Space Science

Continental Crust Rejuvenation Across the Paleo‐Mesoarchean Transition Resulted From Elevated Mantle Geotherms

The increase in initial Hf isotopes identified in early Mesoarchean detrital zircon is commonly interpreted as a reflection of the geodynamic transition from stagnant-lid to mobile-lid tectonics. However, given the lack of petrogenetic context, interpreting detrital zircon may lead to spurious conclusions. In this contribution, we use zircon U-Pb-Hf-O isotopic and bulk rock compositions of newly identified 3.05–2.9 Ga granitoids from the SW Yangtze Block to posit petrogenesis within an isotopically juvenile magmatic system. A statistical analysis of these data with a global igneous zircon Lu-Hf isotopic compilation reveals an increase in average initial radiogenic Hf isotopes during the Paleoarchean to Mesoarchean transition. We posit that the Earth's continental crust underwent a global rejuvenation across the Paleo-Mesoarchean transition. This rejuvenation can be explained by an independently observed increase in mantle temperatures resulting from mantle thermal evolution and does not require a change in tectonic style

Hadron yields and spectra in Au+Au collisions at the AGS

Inclusive double differential multiplicities and rapidity density distributions of hadrons are presented for 10.8 A GeV/c Au+Au collisions as measured at the AGS by the E877 collaboration. The results indicate that large amounts of stopping and collective transverse flow effects are present. The data are also compared to the results from the lighter Si+Al system.Comment: 12 pages, latex, 10 figures, submitted to Nuclear Physics A (Quark Matter 1996 Proceedings

Grain coarsening behaviour of solution annealed Alloy 625 between 600–800°C

As with all alloys, the grain structure of the nickel-base superalloy 625 has a significant impact on its mechanical properties. Predictability of the grain structure evolution in this material is particularly pertinent because it is prone to inter-metallic precipitate formation both during manufacture and long term or high temperature service. To this end, analysis has been performed on the grain structure of Alloy 625 aged isothermally at temperatures between 600 and 800 °C for times up to 3000 h. Fits made according to the classical Arrhenius equation describing normal grain growth yield an average value for the activation energy of a somewhat inhomogeneous grain structure above 700 °C of 108.3±6.6 kJ mol−1 and 46.6±12.2 kJ mol−1 below 650 °C. Linear extrapolation between 650 and 700 °C produces a significantly higher value of 527.7±23.1 kJ mol−1. This result is ultimately a consequence of a high driving force, solute-impeded grain boundary migration process operating within the alloy. Comparison of the high and low temperature values with the activation energy for volume self-diffusion and grain boundary diffusion identifies the latter as the principle governing mechanism for grain growth in both instances. A decrease in the value of the time exponent (n) at higher temperatures despite a reduction in solute drag is attributable to the Zener pinning imposed by grain boundary M6C and M23C6 particles identified from Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDXS) analysis. Vickers hardness results show the dominance of intermetallic intragranular precipitates in the governance of the mechanical properties of the material with grain coarsening being accompanied by a significant increase in hardness. Furthermore, the lack of any correlation with grain growth behaviour indicates these phases have no significant effect on the grain evolution of the material