Регулирование дизеля отключением-включением циклов

There examined a problem of regulation of multicylinder diesel by variation of number of working cycles on regimes of low load and idle.В статье рассмотрена проблема управления работой многоцилиндрового дизеля изменением числа рабочих циклов на режимах малых нагрузок и холостых ходов

Phase Transitions in Isolated Vortex Chains

In very anisotropic layered superconductors (e.g. Bi$_2$Sr$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_x$) a tilted magnetic field can penetrate as two co-existing lattices of vortices parallel and perpendicular to the layers. At low out-of-plane fields the perpendicular vortices form a set of isolated vortex chains, which have recently been observed in detail with scanning Hall-probe measurements. We present calculations that show a very delicate stability of this isolated-chain state. As the vortex density increases along the chain there is a first-order transition to a buckled chain, and then the chain will expel vortices in a continuous transition to a composite-chain state. At low densities there is an instability towards clustering, due to a long-range attraction between the vortices on the chain, and at very low densities it becomes energetically favorable to form a tilted chain, which may explain the sudden disappearance of vortices along the chains seen in recent experiments.Comment: 9 pages, 10 figure

ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЕ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ МЕЖДУ США И ЕС: ПОЛИТИКО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ

The article discusses the current realities of energy cooperation between the United States and the European Union, which were caused both by the new EU energy strategy and by the protectionist economic policy of the US, which is particularly shown in the area of America's interests on the European energy market. The prospects for the promotion of US liquefied natural gas (hereinafter referred to as LNG) for the EU member states, as well as the pros and cons of such cooperation, will be particularly detailed. In the modern world, the economies of most states and their sovereignty depend on the availability of energy carriers. Countries that do not have at their disposal sufficient quantities of basic energy, such as oil and natural gas, are in a vulnerable position. The EU can be attributed to this category.В статье рассматриваются современные реалии энергетического взаимодействия между США и Европейским союзом, которые были вызваны как новой энергетической стратегией ЕС, так и протекционистской экономической политикой США, которая особенно ярко проявляется в сфере интересов Америки на европейском энергетическом рынке. Будут особенно подробно рассмотрены перспективы продвижения американского природного сжиженного газа (далее - СПГ) для стран-членов ЕС, а также плюсы и минусы подобного сотрудничества. В современном мире экономики большинства государств и их суверенитет зависят от наличия энергоносителей. Страны, которые не имеют в своем распоряжении достаточного количества основных видов энергии, коими сейчас являются нефть и природный газ, находятся в уязвимом положении. К данной категории можно причислить ЕС

О нарастающих рисках катастроф при межсистемных взаимодействиях критических инфраструктур и способах их контроля и снижения

The threat of cascading failures of critical infrastructure is now a key problem for many governments around the world. Cascading failures are seen as potentially catastrophic, extremely difficult to predict, and increasingly likely. Many infrastructures are often privately owned and, as practice shows, private owners do not always invest sufficient funds in the prevention of cascade accidents. Experts are demanding that governments become more involved in regulation in this area. To date, empirical data on cascade accidents are extremely small. At the same time, it can be concluded from news reports about incidents that cascade accidents are not uncommon, although the entire wide range of not always obvious dependencies between infrastructures is not always considered. The most frequent participants in cascade and intersystem accidents are two infrastructures: energy and telecommunications. A method and an expert system of criteria modeling for monitoring and reducing the risks of intersystem interactions of critical infrastructures are proposed.Угроза каскадных отказов критических инфраструктур сегодня является ключевой проблемой для правительств многих стран мира. Каскадные сбои рассматриваются как потенциально катастрофические, чрезвычайно трудно прогнозируемые и все более вероятные. Многие инфраструктуры нередко находятся в частной собственности и, как показывает практика, частные владельцы далеко не всегда инвестируют достаточные средства в предупреждение каскадных аварий. На сегодняшний день эмпирические данные о каскадных авариях крайне малы. В то же время из новостных сообщений об инцидентах можно сделать вывод, что каскадные аварии не редкость, хотя далеко не всегда рассматривается весь широкий спектр не всегда очевидных зависимостей между инфраструктурами. Наиболее частыми участниками каскадных и межсистемных аварий являются две инфраструктуры: энергетики и телекоммуникаций. Предложен метод и экспертная система критериального моделирования для контроля и снижения рисков межсистемных взаимодействий критических инфраструктур

D-amino acids in nature, agriculture and biomedicine

Information accumulated over the past decades on the physiological functions and metabolic pathways of biosynthesis and degradation of D-amino acids has led to a renewed interest in their study. These isomers are known to form both in nature and during the chemical synthesis of L-amino acids for feeding and pharmacological purposes, as well as in the industrial processing of some raw materials. This article discusses the positive and negative effects of D-amino acids on the human body, animals and the environment. In addition, the scientific data concerning the mechanisms of cytotoxic action of D-amino acids and their industrial and biomedical potential are summarized. © 2019, © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Induction of Telomerase Catalytic Subunit Alternative Splicing by Apoptotic Endonuclease G in Mouse and Rat Lymphocytes

It is known that apoptotic endonuclease G (EndoG) induces alternative splicing (AS) of telomerase catalytic subunit TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase) mRNA and inhibits telomerase activity in tumor cells and activated human T cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of TERT mRNA AS induction and inhibition of telomerase activity by EndoG in activated mouse and rat lymphocytes. To induce EndoG expression, mouse and rat CD4+, CD8+ T cells, B cells, and NK cells were transfected with the pEndoG-GFP plasmid or incubated with the DNA-damaging agent cisplatin in vitro. The increase in the EndoG expression resulted in decreased expression of full-length active TERT variant, enhanced synthesis of the truncated splicing variant, and decreased telomerase activity. An increase in the EndoG expression, a change in the mRNA pool of TERT splicing variants, and inhibition of telomerase activity were observed in mouse and rat lymphocytes after cisplatin administration in vivo. Thus, EndoG is capable of inducing TERT mRNA AS and regulating telomerase activity in mouse and rat lymphocytes. © 2018, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

Contact-independent suppressive activity of regulatory T cells is associated with telomerase inhibition, telomere shortening and target lymphocyte apoptosis

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a fundamental role in the maintenance of immunological tolerance by suppressing effector target T, B and NK lymphocytes. Contact-dependent suppression mechanisms have been well–studied, though contact-independent Treg activity is not fully understood. In the present study, we showed that human native Tregs, as well as induced ex vivo Tregs, can cause in vitro telomere-dependent senescence in target T, B and NK cells in a contact-independent manner. The co-cultivation of target cells with Tregs separated through porous membranes induced alternative splicing of the telomerase catalytic subunit hTERT (human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase), which suppressed telomerase activity. Induction of the hTERT splicing variant was associated with increased expression of the apoptotic endonuclease EndoG, a splicing regulator. Inhibited telomerase in target cells co-cultivated with Tregs for a long period of time led to a decrease in their telomere lengths, cell cycle arrest, conversion of the target cells to replicative senescence and apoptotic death. Induced Tregs showed the ability to up-regulate EndoG expression, TERT alternative splicing and telomerase inhibition in mouse T, B and NK cells after in vivo administration. The results of the present study describe a novel mechanism of contact-independent Treg cell suppression that induces telomerase inhibition through the EndoG-provoked alternative splicing of hTERT and converts cells to senescence and apoptosis phenotypes. © 2018 Elsevier Lt

Получение и характеристика нового мутантного гомолога хемотаксисного белка CheY из гипертермофильного анаэробного микроорганизма Thermotoga naphthophila

Using genetic engineering methods the expression vectors structures have been designed to produce recombinant proteins TnaCheY and Tna CheY-mut, the homologues of the chemotaxis protein CheY from the hyperthermophilic organism Thermotoga naphthophila in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells. The cultivation conditions of transformed strains were optimized. The influence of episomal expression of the heterologous chemotaxis protein CheY on growth kinetics parameters of the culture of mesophilic bacteria E. coli was studied. The optimal purification flowchart of the obtained proteins using thermolysis is proposed. Using the E. coli BL21(DE3) laboratory strain as an example, the possibility of employment the episomal expression of such proteins to control the cultivation and production time of pharmaceutically and industrially valuable metabolites due to the impact on some stages of the bacterial chemotaxis is experimentally proved.С использованием генно-инженерных методов сконструированы экспрессионные векторные конструкции, обеспечивающие эффективную продукцию рекомбинантных белков TnaCheY и TnaCheY-mut – гомологов хемотаксисного белка CheY гипертермофильного микроорганизма Thermotoga naphthophila – в клетках Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Оптимизированы условия культивирования трансформированных штаммов. Изучено влияние эписомальной экспрессии гетерологичного хемотаксисного белка CheY на параметры кинетики роста культуры мезофильного микроорганизма E. coli. Предложена оптимальная схема очистки полученных белков с использованием термолизиса. На основе полученных данных в статье рассмотрены потенциальные области применения рекомбинантных вариантов термостабильного хемотаксисного белка CheY. На примере клеток лабораторного штамма E. coli BL21(DE3), экспериментально обоснована возможность использования эписомальной экспрессии подобных белков для управления временем культивирования и продукции фармацевтически и промышленно ценных метаболитов за счёт воздействия на отдельные этапы хемотаксиса бактерий