Defining the risk of SARS-CoV-2 variants on immune protection

The global emergence of many severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants jeopardizes the protective antiviral immunity induced after infection or vaccination. To address the public health threat caused by the increasing SARS-CoV-2 genomic diversity, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases within the National Institutes of Health established the SARS-CoV-2 Assessment of Viral Evolution (SAVE) programme. This effort was designed to provide a real-time risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 variants that could potentially affect the transmission, virulence, and resistance to infection- and vaccine-induced immunity. The SAVE programme is a critical data-generating component of the US Government SARS-CoV-2 Interagency Group to assess implications of SARS-CoV-2 variants on diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics, and for communicating public health risk. Here we describe the coordinated approach used to identify and curate data about emerging variants, their impact on immunity and effects on vaccine protection using animal models. We report the development of reagents, methodologies, models and notable findings facilitated by this collaborative approach and identify future challenges. This programme is a template for the response to rapidly evolving pathogens with pandemic potential by monitoring viral evolution in the human population to identify variants that could reduce the effectiveness of countermeasures

ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFICACY OF COMBINED EFFECT IMMUNOMODULATOR INOSINE PRANOBEX IN PREVENTING RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN WITH ALLERGIES

Among children with allergies, particularly with bronchial asthma, patients susceptible to frequent acute respiratory infections make up a large group. In recent years, a strong focus has been on persistency of viruses and other pathogenic microorganisms in various areas of the respiratory tract, which leads to change in responsiveness of the organism and warrants the practicability of applying agents with a combined immunomodulating and antiviral effect. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical and immunological efficacy of inosine pranobex in children with bronchial asthma and frequent respiratory infections. 37 children with atopic persistent moderate asthma at ages 4 to 15 were examined, 26 of which were administered inosine pranobex orally in prevention dosages at 50 mg/kg twice a day over 14 days. The control group was made up of 11 children who were on no immunopharmacological prevention course. Virus antigens in nasopharyngeal smear samples were identified, cytokine status and antibody immune response were studied. In the main group, 23 children (88,5%) were found to have the frequency and length of intercurrent acute respiratory viral infections decreased 1,5 times (p < 0,05) and the number of asthma attacks decreased 1,7 times (p < 0,05). The obtained results demonstrate the efficacy of preventing respiratory infections with inosine pranobex in children with bronchial asthma and other allergic diseases. Key words: acute respiratory infections, allergy, bronchial asthma, children, prevention, immunomodulators, inosine pranobex. (Pediatric Pharmacology. – 2010; 7(5):30-37

CLINICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFICACY OF INOSINE PRANOBEX FOR ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN WITH ATOPIC ASTHMA

The prevalence rate of atopic asthma in children remains high. One of the reasons for lack of control over asthma symptoms is repeated infection. The article describes results from the study of immunomodulating medication inosine pranobex used in treatment of acute respiratory infections in children with atopic asthma. The results obtained prove the efficacy and safety of this medication. The use of this immunomodifier with antiviral activity during the period of acute respiratory infection in children with atopic asthma contributes to shortening of intoxication and catarrhal signs duration, elimination of viral agents. Key words: asthma, acute respiratory infections, immunomodifiers, inosine pranobex, children. (Pediatric Pharmacology. – 2010; 7(3):98-105

MODERN TRENDS IN THE PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR ALLERGIC RHINITIS AMONG CHILDREN

The article analyzes own and literature based data on the effeciency of treatment for allergic rhinitis among children assisted by the blocker of H1-histamine dezloratadine (Aerius) and topical corticosteroid mometazone (Nazonex) receptor.Key words: children, allergic rhinitis, treatment, antihistamines, topical glucocorticosteroids

CLINICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFICACY OF INOSINE PRANOBEX FOR ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN WITH ATOPIC ASTHMA

The prevalence rate of atopic asthma in children remains high. One of the reasons for lack of control over asthma symptoms is repeated infection. The article describes results from the study of immunomodulating medication inosine pranobex used in treatment of acute respiratory infections in children with atopic asthma. The results obtained prove the efficacy and safety of this medication. The use of this immunomodifier with antiviral activity during the period of acute respiratory infection in children with atopic asthma contributes to shortening of intoxication and catarrhal signs duration, elimination of viral agents. Key words: asthma, acute respiratory infections, immunomodifiers, inosine pranobex, children. (Pediatric Pharmacology. – 2010; 7(3):98-105

ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ИММУНОМОДУЛЯТОРА КОМБИНИРОВАННОГО ДЕЙСТВИЯ ИНОЗИН ПРАНОБЕКСА ДЛЯ ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ РЕСПИРАТОРНЫХ ИНФЕКЦИЙ У ДЕТЕЙ С АЛЛЕРГИЕЙ

Among children with allergies, particularly with bronchial asthma, patients susceptible to frequent acute respiratory infections make up a large group. In recent years, a strong focus has been on persistency of viruses and other pathogenic microorganisms in various areas of the respiratory tract, which leads to change in responsiveness of the organism and warrants the practicability of applying agents with a combined immunomodulating and antiviral effect. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical and immunological efficacy of inosine pranobex in children with bronchial asthma and frequent respiratory infections. 37 children with atopic persistent moderate asthma at ages 4 to 15 were examined, 26 of which were administered inosine pranobex orally in prevention dosages at 50 mg/kg twice a day over 14 days. The control group was made up of 11 children who were on no immunopharmacological prevention course. Virus antigens in nasopharyngeal smear samples were identified, cytokine status and antibody immune response were studied. In the main group, 23 children (88,5%) were found to have the frequency and length of intercurrent acute respiratory viral infections decreased 1,5 times (p < 0,05) and the number of asthma attacks decreased 1,7 times (p < 0,05). The obtained results demonstrate the efficacy of preventing respiratory infections with inosine pranobex in children with bronchial asthma and other allergic diseases. Key words: acute respiratory infections, allergy, bronchial asthma, children, prevention, immunomodulators, inosine pranobex. (Pediatric Pharmacology. – 2010; 7(5):30-37)Среди детей с аллергией, особенно с бронхиальной астмой, значительную группу составляют больные, склонные к частому заболеванию острыми респираторными инфекциями. В последние годы большое значение придается персистенции вирусов и других патогенных микроорганизмов в различных отделах респираторного тракта, что приводит к изменению реактивности организма и обосновывает целесообразность применения препаратов с комбинированным иммуномодулирующим и противовирусным действием. Целью исследования явилась оценка клинико-иммунологической эффективности инозин пранобекса у детей с бронхиальной астмой и частыми респираторными инфекциями. Было обследовано 37 детей с атопической БА среднетяжелого персистирующего течения в возрасте от 4 до 15 лет, 26 из которых получали инозин пранобекс внутрь в профилактической дозе из расчета 50 мг/кг в сут в 2 приема в течение 14 дней. Группу сравнения составили 11 детей, не получавшие иммунофармакопрофилактики. Определяли вирусные антигены в мазках носоглоточных смывов, изучали цитокиновый статус и антительный иммунный ответ. В основной группе у 23 детей (88,5%) было отмечено снижение частоты и длительности интеркуррентных острых респираторных вирусных инфекций в 1,5 раза (p < 0,05) и обострений бронхиальной астмы в 1,7 раза (p < 0,05). Полученные результаты свидетельствуют об эффективности профилактики респираторных инфекций инозин пранобексом у детей с бронхиальной астмой и другими аллергическими болезнями. Ключевые слова: острые респираторные инфекции, аллергия, бронхиальная астма, дети, профилактика, иммуномо-дуляторы, инозин пранобекс. (Педиатрическая фармакология. – 2010; 7(5): 30-37