Effect of Precipitation Time of Moringa Seed Powder (Moringa Oleifera) and Tamarind Seed (Tamarindus Indica L) as Coagulant in Reducing Bod and TSS of Domestic Wastewater

Wastewater treatment can be carried out through coagulation and flocculation processes by utilizing moringa seed powder and tamarind seeds as coagulants, which are proven to improve wastewater quality. This research aims to determine the effect of deposition time on the decrease in BOD and TSS. This type of research was a quasi-experimental with 3 replications at the time of deposition for 30 and 60 minutes of moringa seed powder and tamarind seed powder with a dose of 4.5 mg/l and the same stirring speed. The results showed that the percentage reduction in BOD for deposition time at 30 and 60 minutes of moringa seed powder was 65.54% and 72.57%, respectively. The decrease in TSS was 70.52% and 72.89. Deposition of 30 and 60 minutes of tamarind seed powder to decrease BOD was 62.34% and 64.58%, respectively. The decrease in TSS was 72.98% and 84.03%. The results of statistical tests for BOD significant value of 30 and 60 minutes of deposition of moringa seed powder are 0.008 and 0.007<0.05, for TSS that is 0.002 and 0.014<0.05. BOD significant value 30 and 60 minutes of deposition of tamarind seed powder was 0.019 and 0.018 <0.05, for TSS it is 0.006 and 0.004 <0.05. The conclusion of this research is that there is a significant effect of deposition time of moringa seed powder and tamarind seed on the reduction of BOD and TSS. The largest decrease in BOD was produced by moringa seed powder and the largest decrease in TSS was produced by tamarind seed powder. The next stage of processing should be carried out so that the levels of BOD and TSS after being processed using moringa seed powder and tamarind seed can meet the standard

Non-vacuum Solutions of Bianchi Type VI_0 Universe in f(R) Gravity

In this paper, we solve the field equations in metric f(R) gravity for Bianchi type VI_0 spacetime and discuss evolution of the expanding universe. We find two types of non-vacuum solutions by taking isotropic and anisotropic fluids as the source of matter and dark energy. The physical behavior of these solutions is analyzed and compared in the future evolution with the help of some physical and geometrical parameters. It is concluded that in the presence of isotropic fluid, the model has singularity at $\tilde{t}=0$ and represents continuously expanding shearing universe currently entering into phantom phase. In anisotropic fluid, the model has no initial singularity and exhibits the uniform accelerating expansion. However, the spacetime does not achieve isotropy as $t\rightarrow\infty$ in both of these solutions.Comment: 20 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in Astrophys. Space Sc

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Not AvailableIn the present investigation the use of porcine FSH(Super-OV; group I) and comiphene citrate (group II) was observed on induction of ovarian activity and fertility in prepubertal she camels (three years= 2 months). All the animals in group I responded to the treatment and eight out of eleven heifers conceived (72.7%). Only one (out of four) animal responded to the treatment in group II but failed to conceive.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableOvaries of 17 adult, pleuriparous, and lactating one-humped she-camels (Camelus dromedarius) were examined per rectum for uterine involution and for presence of follicles (>/=1.0 cm diameter) by real-time ultrasonography at the National Research Centre on Camel at Bikaner, India at 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days postpartum. Involution was completed from 25 to 30 days postpartum and follicles (>/=1.0 cm diameter) could be found in only nine camels (52.7%) from 34 to 70 days postpartum. These nine camels were mated with virile studs. Four conceived and were confirmed pregnant at 60 days.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableAn artificial insemination study was conducted on 17 female camels which were administered human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) to induce ovulation after confirming a follicle in the ovaries using sonography. The animals were inseminated with either diluted-cooled or fresh undiluted semen. No female camel could be impregnated with diluted and cooled semen, while pregnancy rate was low with neat undiluted semen. To ascertain possible causes of low conception rate, plasma progesterone (P 4 ) profiles were monitored. Criteria adopted for interpretation of these profiles were as follows: P 4 levels below 1 ng/ml on days 5-8 was considered to indicate failure to ovulate; a single peak of 1 ng/ml on days 5-8 followed by a decline on day 12 was considered to indicate ovulation. However, failure of fertilization and P 4 levels of more than 1 ng/ml on days 5-8 and day 12 followed by a decline was considered to indicate successful ovulation and fertilization, but failure of embryo survival. Consistently higher levels of P 4 were considered to be indicative of pregnancy. Using these criteria, 5 of 33 inseminations were diagnosed as pregnant, while profiles of 17 of 33, 8 of 33 and 3 of 33 were indicative of failure of ovulation, failure of fertilization and failure of embryo survival, respectively. A high incidence of failure of ovulation may be due to oversized follicles or follicles in which degenerative processes might have been initiated prior to administration of hCG. High failure of fertilization may be due to a viscous form of camel semen, which may play a role as a sperm reservoir and protect the viability of spermatozoa in the female genital tract by entrapping sperm. Insemination with diluted and cooled semen may disturb the protection, resulting in failure of conception. It is concluded that the high incidence of ovulation failure and failure to deposit sperm in its natural entrapped viscous form are the major problerns for development of AI in the camel. Further improvement may be expected, if we are able to sttmdardize the appropriate insemination time around peri ovulatory time, and appropriate follicular size, which responds to hCG.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe present study was conducted on 10 adult mule camels ovar a period of 2 consecutive years to characterize peripheral plasma testosterone profiles in relation to rutting activity. Blood plasma testosterone profiles were monitored during pre-rut, rut and post-rut, stages at weekly intervals by RIA. Testosterone concentration in peripheral plasma is low during the pre-rut period (342.93+-43.90 ng/ml). Onset of rut activity is associated with significant rise in testosterone concentration (4213.94+278 ng/dl), which is maintained for 11-18 weeks followed by decline to basal levels. The onset of rise as well as decline varied individually. It is also not uncommon to observe complete absence of endocrine surge and rut behaviour in come (1/5 in present study) males throughout breeding season. Genetic, nutritional, management. Enviromental or other possible reason for this remains to be explored. It is not uncommon for certain young males to exhibit complete shyness when attempted for semen collection despite high testosterone concentration and other external sexual behaviour symptoms, which apparently may be due to lack of exposure. The libido and production of sernen into AV is maintained for 3-5 months followed by cessation, which also varied individually. Libido subsides in some males in March, in few more in April. Some males continue to have good libido by the end of May. After May majority of the males lose libido and are rendered unable to copulate in AV. Cessation of libido and ability to copulate appears to be associated with decline in testosterone concentration. Cessation of libido appears to be due to erectile importance. The critical level of testosterone required for erectile potency needs to be worked out. This work shows the correlation between hormone profiles and ambient temperature.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableAn artificial insemination study was conducted on 17 female camels which were administered human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) to induce ovulation after confirming a follicle in the ovaries using sonography. The animals were inseminated with either diluted-cooled or fresh undiluted semen. No female camel could be impregnated with diluted and cooled semen, while pregnancy rate was low with neat undiluted semen. To ascertain possible causes of low conception rate, plasma progesterone (P4) profiles were monitored. Criteria adopted for interpretation of these profiles were as follows: P 4 levels below 1 ng/ml on days 5-8 was considered to indicate failure to ovulate; a single peak of 1ng/ml on days 5-8 followed by a decline on day 12 was considered to indicate ovulation. However, failure of fertilization and P 4 levels of more than 1 ng/ml on days 5-8 and day 12 followed by a decline was considered to indicate successful ovulation and fertilization, but failure of embryo survival. Consistently higher levels of P4 were considered to be indicative of pregnancy. Using these criteria, 5 of 33 inseminations were diagnosed as pregnant, while profiles of 17 of 33, 8 of 33 and 3 of 33 were indicative of failure of ovulation, failure of fertilization and failure of embryo survival, respectively. A high incidence of failure of ovulation may be due to oversized follicles or follicles in which degenerative processes might have been initiated prior to administration of hCG. High failure of fertilization may be due to a viscous form of camel semen, which may play a role as a sperm reservoir and protect the viability of spermatozoa in the female genital tract by entrapping sperm. Insemination with diluted and cooled semen may disturb the protection, resulting in failure of conception. It is concluded that the high incidence of ovulation failure and failure to deposit sperm in its natural entrapped viscous form are the major problems for development of AI in the camel. Further improvement may be expected, if we are able to standardize the appropriate insemination time around peri ovulatory time, and appropriate follicular size, which responds to hCG.Not Availabl