A Framework for Developing Leadership Model Based on National Culture Aspects

This is a conceptual paper inspired by studies that focus on leadership in specific cultural settings. It is based on the assumption that there is a systematic way by which national culture shapes multinational corporations’ leadership styles. Such leadership styles should be consistent with host-countries’ cultural values shared by members working in companies’ subsidiaries.  Unfortunately, researches conducted on such area failed to present a simple model for managers and executives to implement it. Further, companies attempts to identifying the company-specific leadership attributes that apply around-the-world, failed in employing the right steps and procedures. This paper proposes a framework that helps in bridging a gap between theory and practice. It proposes a user-friendly framework to help companies develop their unique leadership model. When companies apply such framework on their subsidiaries in different host countries, they will be able to identify and consider the generalizable and idiosyncratic (context-specific) characteristics of effective leadership. This will increase the companies’ ability to maintain its competitive advantage and to activate its code of conduct. The paper also presents a checklist based on which companies can follow up on the process presented in the framework. The framework focuses on leaders’ activities, followers’ perception towards leadership styles, as well as the contextual factors, other than culture, that may impact this process. This is not a onetime process. It should be replicated, especially if host-countries experience unusual social changes, or companies are entering new markets. The paper proposes that both case study research and action research are the best research methodologies that help in implementing the framework and building the leadership model. Key words: national culture, leadership, cultural fit, contextual factors

A Gap Between Theory and Practices: Best Leadership Practices in Multinational Corporations: An Egyptian Case Study

Purpose – This research aims to describe leadership practices that fit into Egypt national culture, in Multinational Companies (MNCs) work environment. Taking two of the top companies in leadership field as an example, this research helps in presenting guidelines for the best leadership practices for MNCs, operating in Egypt.Design/methodology/approach – This research employed qualitative case study, using semi-structured interviews. Two-case studies were conducted to reach more comprehensive findings. Findings –Leadership practices associated with Egypt’s national culture are macro managing employees; involving employees in decision making;  providing clear vision and objectives; maintaining context which includes providing clear rules and guidelines, coaching employees, maintaining a follow up system on employees performance  and maintaining a clear rewarding and penalizing system; and focusing on humane aspects which includes managing conflicts, keeping employees in harmony and considering individuals’ differences. Implications– This research highlights a gap between theory and practice. Some of the presented leadership practices presented in this research contradict with the literature’s classification for Egypt’s’ national. This indicates that further research work should be conducted to generalize findings.Originality/value –The research emphasizes that there is a shift in people’s perception towards best leadership styles and practices. The cultural aspects identified in this research challenges the classification of Egypt as high power distance and masculine society. Further, findings present new prospective for some of the leadership practices. The paper also proposes that short-term orientation is also a cultural aspect associated with workplace. Keywords: National culture, Humane-orientation, Short-term orientation, Leadership practices, Individualized consideration, Employees’ performance, Case study, Interviews analysis techniques DOI: 10.7176/DCS/9-3-07 Publication date:March 31st 201

Virus Vaccine Induced Immune Enhancement Mechanisms

In the present opinion, a go through current scientific literature have demonstrated that there are nine possible immune enhancement mechanisms [IE].IE following viral vaccine priming and exposure to live west nile, human immune-deficiency , dengue and corona virus challenges were documented. Five of which were antibody dependent[ADE ]and the other four were T cell dependent .A virus vaccine may expresses more than one of the five ADE mechanisms .Sars and Mers were mediating ADE. Sars cov-2 virus induce, TH17-Treg eosinophilic IE and in an ex-vivo cell culture study has shown to induce ADE mechanism both in covid -19 patients.Sars-cov-2 DNA vaccines have shown no IE in non-human primate experiments but covid-19 vaccines are expectable to induce ADE in human vaccinee, though this wait to be elucidated. Keywords: Antibody ,corona ,enhancement ,immune ,vaccine, virus. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/86-05 Publication date: February 28th 202

The Immune Overreaction Phenomena in Severe Sars-cov-2 Human Infections

The immunology of Sars-cov-2 human infection is known to be complex. One of the facets   of its complexity  is the occurrence  of immune over reaction phenomena  in its severe forms. Such forms stands as  a challenge for laboratory diagnostics and clinicians due its further complexity. The objective of the present mini-review was to explore these immune over-reaction phenomena [IORP ]among the severe infection forms .The noted IORP in severe  covid-19 were as;  two,the innate immno-thrombi [microthrombi]  and the hyper-cytokine-mia[cytokine storm],one cross-road IORP as an unrestrained activation of complement system and two adaptive IORP as an autoimmune phenocopy[ Neutralizing autoantibody producing B cell autoimmune pheno-copy of the type I Interferons ] as well as the Viral sensor [ Dynamics of the MAIT immune cells ]. These phenomena  are resolved on reaching  the possible  case  recovery. Keywords: Adaptive ,cross-road ,innate ,immune ,over-reaction, phenomena ,sars-cov-2. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/85-09 Publication date: January 31st 202

The Immune Concerns for Chronicity of Sars-cov-2 Infection in Man

The objective of the p3resent opinion was disclose some immune features of chronic sars-cov-2 human infection. The extension of sars-cov-2 infection manifestation up to 12 months or more beyond the onset of the clinical infection is considered to be chronic. The problem of chronicity gain its importance impart by the residence of infecting sars-cov-2 virus in a reserve organ and frequently releasing it to the blood circulation reaching other body parts causing continual stimulation of hosting immune system with an outcomes of an immune over-reactions, immune weakening and immune mediated diseases. The immune features of the chronicity in covid-19 infections appeared to be different in different patients, though the presence of in-common ones . There was an array of the immune system behavior noted in such chronicity as; Prolonged adaptive immune activation and cellular exhaustion, weakening, over-reaction as well as inflammatory and immune tissue injuries. Gullain Barre autoimmune disease was currently documented to be induced by chronic sars-cov-2 virus infection. Keywords: Chronicity, covid-19, disease ,immune, inflammation ,Sars. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/86-04 Publication date: February 28th 202

Contextual Factors That Impact Leadership Practices In Cross-Cultural Settings: An Egyptian Case Study

This paper explores the contextual factors, other than culture, that affect the implementation of companies’ leadership competencies models, in cross-cultural settings. The study employs qualitative case study, using semi-structured interviews. Two-case studies were conducted to reach more comprehensive findings. Based on the research findings, leaders’ personality and national culture, subordinates’ level of experience, the host-country situation, the company’s strategy, and the nature of the company’s departments may cause variance in leaders’ practices. However the overall variance in leader’s practices between the company’s different offices may decrease due to the company’s culture of origin as and the company’s cross-cultural experience. Thus, companies operating in cross-cultural settings should consider such factors when developing and customizing their leadership model to reach a sound cultural fit.  Based on research findings the paper proposes a model that needs to be tested in further research work. This study was conducted only on two multinational companies from the same origin and operating in the same host-country. Thus, further research work should be conducted on companies from other origins to generalize findings. This research is among the few studies that address the contextual factors, other than culture, that impact the implementation of companies’ leadership practices in cross-cultural settings. It is also among the few studies that investigates Egyptian business environment in cross-cultural settings. Keywords: leadership, contextual factors, national culture, multinational companies, Egyp

Four Entities, Three Theories and Four Scenarios Under the Umbrella of the Second Infection for the SARS-COV-2- Virus in Man

The four entities that were overlapped in the sense with post recovery second sars-cov-2 infection in man were as; Re-infection ,co-infection, reactivation infection and stealth infections Three theories tempts to explain the case. Together with a trial to delineate in between them. The infection course may be ;Asymptomatic ,mild, and moderate and severe. The tissue tropism of the virus is lung, then to renal and nervous tissues. The virus genome variate in to six molecular genetic clades, two biotypes as Asian and European, and six patho-types. The co-infectents are: Herps ,adeno ,measles viruses ,S. aureus, N. cattrahalis and Klebsiella. The virus immune-dominant epitopes can induce effector B, memory B, effector auto-reacting B, memory auto-reacting T , effector T and memory T and mucosal invariant T cells. The resulting immune responses are humeral, cellular ,mucosal invariant T cell responses in addition to autoantibody responses. The net results of these responses may terminated by by production of specific antibodies and cytokine and may accompanied by humeral and /or cellular enhancement of the disease. The apparent duration of post-infection immunity seems to be short and the protection efficacy still a matter of debate and four post-recovery immunity scenarios were suggested as sterilizing ,functional ,waning ,and lost immunities. Keywords: Co-Infection ,infection, re-infection ,reactivation infection ,scenarios. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/82-01 Publication date: November 30th 202

A Shift in Employees’ Perception towards Leadership Practice: An Egyptian Case Study under Cross-Cultural Settings

Employees’ work related values change as their cultural values change over time, specially as their societies experience unusual social changes. Changes in employees work related values may increase the need for remarkable modifications in companies’ leadership practices and approaches. This research takes Egypt as an example of a host-country that is undergoing unusual social changes. The study aims to explore the impact of changes on employees’ perception towards best leadership practices, in cross-cultural settings. Two case studies were conducted with replication logic. The researcher conducted semi-structured interviews with Egyptian employees working in two multinational companies, operating in Egypt. The study findings regarding best leadership styles and practices contradict with literature’s classification for Egypt as high power distance and masculinity culture. This indicates that companies should reconsider employees’ cultural values that impact workplace. However, further researches should be conducted on such cultural aspects to reach more generalizable findings. This paper is among the few studies that tackled Egypt business environment from a cross-cultural perspective. Egypt presents a good example for cultural changes, since it has undergone major social changes since the year 2011. The research not only presents the recommended leadership practices but also emphasizes on their managerial implications. Further, the research is among the few studies that addressed the impact of national culture on leadership with reference to other contextual factor. Keywords: leadership, national culture, Egypt, power distance, masculinity, contextual factor

The Durability of Immunity to SARS-COV-2 Infection in Man

The durability  of covid-19 immunity in man was  being  explored  in this opinion. Criteria for determination of post-recovery protective immunity were  suggested. Current published information indicated that it may last for three to six months in accordance with the sero-conversion and sero-prevalence  actual studies. While according to memory B and T cell studies ,it was demonstrated  that both of  memory B and memory T cells can be detected up to eight months in post recovery  period  of  mild to critical cases  of covid-19  and up to 12 months in a retrospective study on large scale seasonal circulating coronavirus human re- infection incidence .Though the extent to which  post-recovery  protective B and T cell  immunity operate to re-infection still remain to elucidated. Factors affecting the duration of herd immunity to sars-cov-2 were  suggested. basis. Keywords: Covid-19,  coronovirus  durability  ,memory cells, post-recovery ,protective,  sero-conversion ,sero-prevalence. DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/11-22-06 Publication date: November 30th 202

The mucosal and systemic immune status for diabetic and non-diabetic Dentialvcolar infected patients

From a group of 60 patients with dentoalveolar infections among which 10 were diabetic and 10 non-diabetic were elected as test group as well as 10 normal subjects as control group. Six Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus anginousus were diagnosed in the first and second group of the patients the immune status of the patients and control subject were tested by pathogen specific antibody titre, neotrophil NBT reduction phagocytosis and leukocyte inhibition LIF. Diabetic patients with dentoalveolar infection shows decreased specific antibody titers, subnormal neutrophil NBT phagocytic % as well as non significant LIF % in comparison non diabetic reveal high specific antibody titers against , high neutrophil NBT% and significant LIF% respectively thus diabetic indicate humoral and cellular immune suppression along the den to alveolar infection