Procedural Issues in Mergers and Acquisitions of Companies: A Comparison between Nigeria and India

Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A’s) are, nowadays, frequent events in the lifecycles of companies, on the basis that M&As are one of the most successful means of enabling companies and economic entities achieve profits, whether through entry to new markets, taking advantage of economies of scale or reducing the costs associated with producing a greater number of products or services. India is now one of the leading nations in the world in terms of mergers and acquisitions while, Nigeria has also enjoyed an unprecedented high volume of mergers and acquisitions since 1999.  In both jurisdictions, the laws have laid down procedures for mergers and acquisitions. In India, sanction of the High Court is an essential prerequisite for the effectiveness of mergers; whereas In Nigeria judicial involvement in sanctioning mergers has been significantly reduced. This paper examines the procedural issues involved in mergers in these two populous developing countries of the Commonwealth with a view to learning a lesson from the situation of each other and recommending reforms to the laws of both countries. This article begins with a highlight of the regulatory framework and meaning of merger and acquisition in Nigeria and India; gives an overview of the types of merger and examines the procedural issues in mergers in both Nigeria and India. The paper makes a comparative analysis between the two jurisdictions. The paper acknowledges the comprehensiveness of the laws in both jurisdictions however call for plugging some of the identified gaps in the law

Using asymptotic iteration method (AIM) for solving differential equations: case study of vibrational states of diatomic molecule

This paper discusses the new computational technique referred to as the asymptotic iteration method (AIM), and presents numerical computations of exact energy eigenvalues of the Schrödinger equation assuming the Morse potential for some diatomic molecules. The method is used to compute the numerical energies of bound vibrational levels of the 7Li2, H2, and N2 diatomic molecules in the 1Σu+, 11Σu+ and 3Σu+ electronic states

An isolated tuberculousorchitis mimicking testicular tumour as a primary presentation of HIV: a case report

Background: An isolated tuberculousorchitis is a rare lesion and is distinctly unusual as the primary presentation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. A high index of suspicion remains decisive to this diagnosis especially when the clinico-radiological findings of such lesion affirmed features of the testiculartumour.Case Report: A 32-year old man presented with a three-months history of left sided painless progressive testicular swelling. Further clinico-radiological findings revealed traits of a left testicular tumour. He was found to be HIV positive only at the index presentation whilst the histopathology of the left sided orchidectomy tissue confirmed tuberculous (TB) orchitis.Conclusion: High index of suspicion for TB orchitis with HIV in a patient with clinico-radiological findings of the testicular tumour from areas with high HIV and TB prevalence help in an expeditious diagnosis and therapy.Keywords: Tuberculosis, tuberculous orchitis, testicular tumou

Ultrastructural Changes and Bacterial Localization in Buffalo Calves Following Oral Exposure to Pasteurella multocida B:2

This study describes the ultrastructural changes and distribution of P. multocida B:2 in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts of buffalo calves following oral exposure and compared with intratracheal exposure. Nine 8-month old buffalo calves were divided into 3 groups. At the start of the experiment, dexamethasone (1mg/kg) was injected intramuscularly into buffaloes of all groups for three consecutive days. Then, calves of Group 1 were exposed orally to 50ml of the inoculum containing 109 colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL of live P. multocida B:2. Calves of Group 2 were exposed intra-tracheal to the same inoculum while calves of Group 3 were exposed orally to PBS. Transient and mild clinical signs were observed in calves of Groups 1 and 2. Pasteurella multocida B:2 was isolated from the nasal mucosa for up to 5 days post-infection. Only calf that was killed at 48 h post-infection had P. multocida B:2 in both respiratory and gastro-intestinal tracts showing ultrastructural changes typical of acute cellular injury, with degeneration of endothelium and vascular walls. There were deciliation in the respiratory and microvilli degeneration in the gastrointestinal tracts. The study concludes that oral exposure may not play major role in the development of hemorrhagic septicemia. Nevertheless, the buffalo calf that succumbed to hemorrhagic septicemia carried P. multocida B:2 in the gastro-intestinal organs

Computations of the band structure and linear optical properties of methylammonium bismuth bromide and methylammonium galluim bromide using FHI-aims Code

Ab initio calculations for the Linear Macroscopic Dielectric analyses of CH3NH3BiBr3 and CH3NH3GaBr3 (having 8.33% dopant replacement percentage each) as possible replacements for the Lead based perovskite CH3NH3PbBr3 were done in this work using Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof functional of Density Functional Theory as implemented by FHI-aims Code. Optimized lattice constants were calculated for CH3NH3BiBr3 and CH3NH3GaBr3 to be 9.10 Å and 8.27 Å respectively. The Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO), Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and calculated band gap, Band Structure and Density of States (DOS) plots were made to analyse the band structures of these crystals and they were found to be metallic with a band gap of 0.00018636 eV and 0.00022286 eV for CH3NH3BiBr3 and CH3NH3GaBr3 respectively. The imaginary and real parts of the inter-band and intra-band contribution to the linear dielectric tensor within the e imagi Random Phase Approximation (RPA) of the optical properties of these perovskites were calculated and an average dielectric tensor of 3.1209467 and 2.789173 was found for CH3NH3BiBr3 and CH3NH3GaBr3 respectively. From the absorption data and dielectric tensor components calculated, both materials have an average absorption peak at frequency of 16.5373nm at 1.006567 MeV, 16.2040nm at 1.227600 MeV respectively, across all cubic planes

Electronic band structure and optical properties of titanium dioxide

In this work the Fritz-Haber Institute ab initio Molecular Simulation (FHI-aims) code was used to investigate and obtain the band energies and linear dielectric functions of the three naturally occurring phases of TiO2 (Rutile, Anatase and Brookite). The exchange-correlation interactions are treated by the PBE. The results of the band gap were obtained to be 1.76 eV for Rutile, 2.07 eV for Anatase and 2.33 eV for Brookite with Rutile having a direct band gap and indirect band gaps for both Anatase and Brookite. The obtained band gaps are in agreement with other theoretical work, especially on the rutile phase. The linear dielectric function was calculated using Random Phase Approximation (RPA) where the average static dielectric function at ω= 0 was obtained as 5.61 for Rutile TiO2, 4.29 for Anatase TiO2 and 2.23 for Brookite TiO2

Studies of In vitro Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Extracts and Isolated Compounds from Parinari curatellifolia (Chrysobalanaceae)

Parinari curatellifolia (family: chrysobalanaceae) is a plant used in Nigerian folk medicine for treatment of cancer and other diseases. In our search for pharmacologically active compounds, we have isolated and characterized compounds through column chromatography and spectroscopic techniques (MS, NMR and IR). We have evaluated the in vitro antioxidant activity of the different extracts and the pure compounds using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical model. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of the extracts and the pure compounds using the sodium 3’-[1-(phenylamino-carbonyl) -3,4-tetrazolium]-bis-[4-methoxy-6-nitro] benzene sulfonic acid hydrate (XTT) colorimetric method on cervical cancer (HeLa) cell line have also been assessed. The extracts and pure compounds have displayed moderate to excellent antioxidant and cytotoxic activities.  The biological results suggest that these compounds may be suitable candidates for further drug development and investigation. The results obtained have provided a promising scientific basis for the use of P. curatellifolia in traditional medicine for treatment of cancer. Keywords: Parinari curatellifolia, Cytotoxicity, HeLa Cell line, Antioxidant, DPPH Free Radica

Development of Quality Standards of Prosopis africana (Guill. & Perr.) Taub. Stem Bark

Prosopis africana (Guill. & Perr.) Taub. (Mimosoidae) is the only known species of its genus found in Africa. Almost all parts of the tree are used in medicine. Remedies for skin diseases, caries, fevers and eye washes are obtained from the bark. They are used as diuretic and for the treatment of gonorrhoea, tooth and stomach-ache, dysentery and bronchitis. It is therefore considered worthwhile to establish quality standard for the stem bark. Pharmacognostic standardization was carried out on the pulverized stem bark and its anatomical section, to determine the macro and micro morphological characters, quantitative and qualitative profiles. The results of this study produced vital data that could be useful in setting some diagnostic indices for the identification and preparation of a monograph of the plant stem bark. Keywords: Prosopis africana, anatomical indices, physicochemical, morphological characters, microscopical,  macroscopica

Isolation and Characterization of Triterpenes from Petroleum Ether and Ethyl acetate Extracts of Stem Bark of Parinari curatellifolia Planch Ex. Benth (Chrysobalanaceae)

Parinari curatellifolia (Chrysobalanaceae) is a plant used in Nigerian folk medicine for cancer treatment. Through series column chromatography, betulin (lup-20(29)-en-3?,28-diol) and betulinic acid (3?-hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid) have been isolated from petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of the stem bark of Parinari curatellifolia respectively. The compounds were characterized on the basis of 1D-NMR (1HNMR, 13CNMR and DEPT-45, 90 and 135), 2D-NMR (HSQC, HMBC, 1H-1H COSY,  1H-1H NOESY), MS and IR spectroscopic studies. These two compounds are reported for the first time as constituents in Parinari curatellifolia. Key words: Parinari curatellifolia, Chrysobalanaceae, Betulin, Betulinic acid and Triterpene