5 research outputs found
Comparative testing of four ionospheric models driven with GPS measurements
In the context of the European Space Agency/European Space Operations Centre funded Study �GNSS Contribution to Next Generation Global Ionospheric Monitoring,� four ionospheric models based on GNSS data (the Electron Density Assimilative Model, EDAM; the Ionosphere Monitoring Facility, IONMON v2; the Tomographic Ionosphere model, TOMION; and the Neustrelitz TEC Models, NTCM) have been run using a controlled set of input data. Each model output has been tested against differential slant TEC (dSTEC) truth data for high (May 2002) and low (December 2006) sunspot periods. Three of the models (EDAM, TOMION, and NTCM) produce dSTEC standard deviation results that are broadly consistent with each other and with standard deviation spreads of ~1 TECu for December 2006 and ~1.5 TECu for May 2002. The lowest reported standard deviation across all models and all stations was 0.99 TECu (EDAM, TLSE station for December 2006 night). However, the model with the best overall dSTEC performance was TOMION which has the lowest standard deviation in 28 out of 52 test cases (13 stations, two test periods, day and night). This is probably related to the interpolation techniques used in TOMION exploiting the spatial stationarity of vertical TEC error decorrelation
Atmospheric signal propagation
GNSS satellites emit signals which propagate as
electromagnetic waves through space to the receivers
which are located on or near the Earth’s surface
or on other satellites. Thereby, electromagnetic
waves travel through the ionosphere and the neutral
atmosphere (troposphere) which causes signals
to be delayed, damped and refracted as the refractivity
index of the propagation media is not equal
to one. In this chapter, the nature and effects of
GNSS signal propagation in both the troposphere
and the ionosphere, is examined. After a brief review
of the fundamentals of electromagnetic waves
their propagation in refractive media, the effects of
the neutral atmosphere are discussed. In addition
empirical correction models as well as state-of-
the-art atmosphere delay estimation approaches
are presented. Effects related to signal propagtion
through the ionosphere are dealt in a dedicated section
by describing the error contribution of first up to
third order terms in the refractive index and ray path
bending. After discussing diffraction and scattering
phenomena due to ionospheric irregularities, mitigation
techniques for different types of applications
are presented
Ionosphere Monitoring
Global navigation satellite system (GSSS)-based
monitoring of the ionosphere is important in
a twofold manner. Firstly, GNSS measurements
provide valuable ionospheric information for correcting
and mitigating ionospheric range errors or
to warn users in particular in precise and safety
of life (SoL) applications. Secondly, spatial and
temporal resolution of ground- and space-based
measurements is high enough to explore the dynamics
of ionospheric processes such as the origin
and propagation of ionospheric storms.
It is discussed how ground- and space-based
GNSS measurements are used to create globalmaps
of total electron content (TEC) and to reconstruct
the highly variable three-dimensional (3-D) electron
density distribution on global scale under
perturbed conditions. Thus, the monitoring results
can be used for correcting ionospheric errors in
single-frequency applications as well as for studying
the driving forces of space weather-induced
perturbation features at a broad range of temporal
and spatial scales. Whereas large- and mediumscale
perturbations affect accuracy and reliability
of GNSS measurements, small-scale plasma irregularities
and plasma bubbles have a direct impact
on the continuity of GNSS availability by causing
strong and rapid fluctuations of the signal
strength, known as radio scintillations.
It is discussed how better understanding of
space weather-related phenomena may help to
model and forecast ionospheric behavior even
under perturbed conditions. Hence, ionospheric
monitoring contributes to the successful mitigation
of range errors or performance degradation
associated with the ionospheric impact on a broad
spectrum of GNSS applications