High toughness poly (lactic acid) (PLA) formulations obtained by ternary blends with poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and flexible polyesters from succinic acid

[EN] This work reports the development of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) formulations with improved toughness by ternary blends with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and two different flexible polyesters derived from succinic acid, namely poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and a copolymer, poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA). The main aim of this work is to increase the low intrinsic toughness of PLA without compromising the thermal properties by manufacturing ternary blends using epoxidized vegetable oils as compatibilizer agents. The ternary blends were manufactured by reactive extrusion in a co-rotating extruder and were subjected to mechanical, thermal, thermos-mechanical and morphology characterization. The obtained results confirm that these two succinic acid-derived polymers, i.e., PBS and PBSA, positively contribute to increase ductile properties in ternary blends with PLA and PHB with a subsequent improvement on impact toughness. In addition, both epoxidized vegetable oils, ELO and ESBO, are responsible for somewhat compatibilization between all three polyesters in blends which gives improved ductile properties with regard to uncompatibilized ternary blends. In addition, the temperature range in which these materials can be used is broader than ternary blends with other flexible polyester such as poly(e-caprolactone), as both PBS and PBSA melt at about 100 °C. These PLA-based materials with improved impact properties offer interesting applications in the packaging industry.This work was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) Grant Numbers MAT2014-59242-C2-1-R and MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R. L. Quiles-Carrillo acknowledges Generalitat Valenciana (GV) for financial support through a FPI Grant (ACIF/2016/182) and the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports (MECD) for his FPU Grant (FPU15/03812).Garcia-Campo, M.; Quiles-Carrillo, L.; Sanchez-Nacher, L.; Balart, R.; Montanes, N. 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Grain refinement of deoxidized copper

This study reports the current status of grain refinement of copper accompanied in particular by a critical appraisal of grain refinement of phosphorus-deoxidized, high residual P (DHP) copper microalloyed with 150 ppm Ag. Some deviations exist in terms of the growth restriction factor (Q) framework, on the basis of empirical evidence reported in the literature for grain size measurements of copper with individual additions of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 wt pct of Mo, In, Sn, Bi, Sb, Pb, and Se, cast under a protective atmosphere of pure Ar and water quenching. The columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET) has been observed in copper, with an individual addition of 0.4B and with combined additions of 0.4Zr-0.04P and 0.4Zr-0.04P-0.015Ag and, in a previous study, with combined additions of 0.1Ag-0.069P (in wt pct). CETs in these B- and Zr-treated casts have been ascribed to changes in the morphology and chemistry of particles, concurrently in association with free solute type and availability. No further grain-refining action was observed due to microalloying additions of B, Mg, Ca, Zr, Ti, Mn, In, Fe, and Zn (~0.1 wt pct) with respect to DHP-Cu microalloyed with Ag, and therefore are no longer relevant for the casting conditions studied. The critical microalloying element for grain size control in deoxidized copper and in particular DHP-Cu is Ag

Structure-property relationships in high strength microalloyed forging steels

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