The Role of Transporters in the Pharmacokinetics of Orally Administered Drugs

Drug transporters are recognized as key players in the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. The localization of uptake and efflux transporters in organs responsible for drug biotransformation and excretion gives transporter proteins a unique gatekeeper function in controlling drug access to metabolizing enzymes and excretory pathways. This review seeks to discuss the influence intestinal and hepatic drug transporters have on pharmacokinetic parameters, including bioavailability, exposure, clearance, volume of distribution, and half-life, for orally dosed drugs. This review also describes in detail the Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) and explains how many of the effects drug transporters exert on oral drug pharmacokinetic parameters can be predicted by this classification scheme

New Niobium Capacitors with Stable Electrical Parameters

The replacement of the anode material in tantalum capacitors by a new generation of high CV niobium powders offers the possibility to get an economical alternative to tantalum for a wide range of applications. Due to the high CV potential of niobium powder there is also an alternative to low voltage aluminum electrolytic capacitors. We developed a new niobium capacitor which shows stable electrical values. By optimizing the structure of the dielectric and the cathodic layers as well as the process parameters we gained a capacitor which can be used up to 105 °C . Electrical characteristics and lifetest behavior of niobium capacitors out of 100 k–150 k CV/g powder will be discussed