An Electrodynamics Solver for Moving Sources

An Electrodynamics solver for moving sources is introduced. The main challenges and formulation are highlighted. The solver enables the simulation of fields for sources undergoing arbitrary motion. Two examples of uniformly moving current sources are provided to correlate the numerical solver computations with theory, based on the solution of Maxwell's equations and the relativistic transformation of the electromagnetic fields

Visualization of Some Energy Levels of Even-Even Nuclei

The properties of the lowest excited states of atomic nuclei offer a very sensitive test for nuclear structure theories. To identify and distinguish the shape phase transitions, one needs the variation behaviors of the energy ratios with respect to the neutron or proton number of the nuclei. The possibility of generating images of the variation behaviors of energy levels and energy ratios by exploiting the large body of data on stable and near-stable nuclei, whose accumulation over the past decades now permits, prompted us to produce this atlas which illustrates in a simple and effective way these behaviors. The atlas represents the experimental data of the energy levels and energy ratios of the 2_1^+, 4_1^+, 2_2^+ and 4_2^+ states of 645 even-even nuclei. The interpolation surfaces of the values of energy levels and energy ratios, E(2,1+), E(2,2+), E(4,1+), E(4,2+), E(4,1+)/E(2,1+), E(4,2+)/E(2,2+), E(2,2+)/E(2,1+), E(4,2+)/E(4,1+), E(4,2+)/E(2,1+) and E(4,1+)/E(2,2+), through all points of the even-even nuclear landscape are presented. The variation of these values with respect to each chain of isotopes and isotones are displayed using two-dimensional figures. Visualization of the data through visual imagery has been considered an effective way for connecting abstract and concrete ideas as well as allowing the emergence of the significant patterns. Moreover, we will see that it is possible, in many if not most cases, to understand the detailed results of complex calculations of the nuclear structure theories with an absolute minimum of formalism and often by inspection. The introduction of this atlas contains a brief account of some topics of present-day interest in theoretical nuclear structure. These topics can be used to explain the existence of a few typical patterns of nuclear spectra as well as some of the systematic changes in these patterns over sequences of nuclei. Researchers working on nuclear theory will find this atlas handy to understand the nuclear structure theories

Synthesis and Characterization of Some Conducting Polymers and Their Complexed Compounds

The chemical co-polymerization of aniline with o-anthranilic acid (AA) to form copolymer films has been made in aqueous hydrochloric acid medium. Poly vinylcarbazole (PVK) was prepared by free radical mechanism. The copolymer (AA) and polymer (PVK) were reacted with KI respectively, to produce a complex compounds. Also, the complex of copolymer (AA) with NaOEt was prepared. The conductivity, IR spectra and the thermal gravimetric analysis of these polymers and their complexes were measured and discussed. It was found that, the specific electrical conductivity (σ) of the copolymer (AA) in presence of NaOEt increases with increase in temperature, whereas decreases with complex of copolymer (AA) +KI. The electrical properties of the PVK were enhanced upon reacting it with KI

Consumers behavior, attitudes, and beliefs regarding baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) fruit and pulp consumption in Sudan

There are growing number of empirical studies on the baobab value chain in Sub-Saharan Africa. Most studies focus on nutritional composition, traditional uses, the distribution of baobab trees, and collection. However, there are few studies on the marketing of baobab fruit pulp, especially on consumer behavior, attitudes, and beliefs regarding baobab fruit pulp. In this context, our study aims to explore consumer behavior, attitudes and beliefs regarding baobab fruit pulp. We also evaluate the market development potential of baobab fruit pulp in selected markets in El Obeid and Khartoum in Sudan. The study employs a mixed methods approach that includes a survey (N = 499), focus group discussion (N = 16), stakeholder interviews (N = 2), and a SWOT analysis. The study shows that the consumption of baobab fruit pulp is common among Sudanese consumers. Consumers also show strong positive attitudes and beliefs, as well as social support for baobab consumption. Nutritional and health benefits tend to drive consumer interest in baobab fruit pulp. The study also identified high demand, export opportunities, and extraction of ingredients from baobab as opportunities to develop baobab markets. However, a lack of quality control, regulations, poor distribution, and insufficient fruit supply may limit exploration of these opportunities. Therefore, it is crucial to raise knowledge of the nutritional and functional properties of baobab fruit, as well as its ability to fight health-related diseases, to further develop local markets. Processors must also improve the quality and safety of their goods. Policymakers must also create a regulatory structure that supports Sudan’s baobab value chain.Peer Reviewe