Educational deprivation of children in Andhra Pradesh : levels and trends, disparities and associative factors

In line with the perspectives of human capital, human development and human rights, this paper conceives education to be the basic right of children and re-christens all children who are not in school including child labourers and ‘no-where children’, as educationally deprived children. It examines the prevalence rate, trends, disparities and factors associated with the phenomenon of educational deprivation of children in Andhra Pradesh. The incidence of this deprivation is examined by using data sources available from Census and the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO). In our analysis it is observed that the incidence of educational deprivation of children is coming down over the period, albeit at a slow pace. The state, during the 1990s, experienced a dramatic change in the decline in the incidence of educational deprivation of children. Children who live in rural areas, who are female by gender and belong to SC/ST social groups are relatively the most disadvantaged. It seems that the location effect dominates the gender and caste effects and the interaction of these factors affects the chances of schooling crucially. The district level analysis shows that the leaders and laggards of educational development during pre-independence or pre-state formation retained their relative positions in the early phases of post-state formation period but these positions changed by the year 1991. Few districts from the backward regions were catching up, rising to the positions of the districts in the developed region and even forging ahead. Nevertheless the regional averages show that the historical legacy of educational development/ backwardness still holds. Finally, it is observed that the phenomenon of child deprivation is a rural phenomenon closely associated with agrarian economy. Key Words: Andhra Pradesh, Child Schooling, Educational Deprivation of Children, Child Labour JEL Classification: I2, I20, I28, R12, J21, J2

Youth employment and unemployment in India

Increase in the share of youth population due to demographic `dividend' or the `youth bulge' seems to be one of the sources of future economic growth in India. Although with increase in school and college enrolment rates, the proportion of youth in the labour force has been declining, their high proportions in the labour force indicate that the problem of youth unemployment and underemployment would remain a serious policy issue for many more years to come in India. In this context, this paper examines the employment and unemployment situation of the youth in India during the last two-and-half decades viz., 1983 to 2007-08. It analyses the trends in labour force and workforce participation rates, unemployment, joblessness, working poor, growth and employment elasticities etc. The paper also offers policy recommendations for increasing productive employment and reduction in unemployment for the youth. The poor employability of the workforce would hamper the advantages due to demographic dividend if measures are not taken to improve the educational attainment and skill development of the youth.Youth Employment, unemployment, skill development, joblessness, demographic dividend, literacy, school education, vocational training

Avionics flight testing of light transport aircraft-modern trends and challenges

Flight Testing is an important phase of any aircraft development program, which deals with13; pre and post flight test activities for successful certification of aircraft. This involves flight planning, flighttesting,13; flight data analysis and validation as part of the data analysis process. The data, so acquired during the13; flight test is used to evaluate the flight performance of aircraft and its subx2013;systems in terms of their design13; objectives complying with design, development and testing standards.13; The primary objectives of flight-testing are to find the transparent or hidden design problem and to fix them13; as part of the process. Also the document verification with regard to the compliance to the relevant standards13; based on aircraft category along with aircraft system functionality requirements.13; SARAS, 14 seater twin turbo-prop multi-role aircraft is being flight-tested with two prototype aircrafts13; flying in parallel to accomplish the flight-testing for system and sub-system functionality. This paper13; describes the flight test activities of SARAS in general and avionics functionality in particular. Flight trials13; can be divided into 3 sections, planning, execution and analysis and reporting. These sections and process13; involves meticulous planning, methodical approach towards appropriation of test functionality for each sortie,13; efficient data capturing, effective data analysis, intelligent problem definition and result conclusion.13; This paper covers the appropriate relevant flight test sections applicable to SARAS in accordance with the13; FAA Advisory Circular 25-7A. The avionics subsystems of SARAS are broadly classified as Communication13; System, Navigation System, Warning System, Radar System, Display System, and Recording System. Also13; details the process, procedure, methodology, activities, standards and approach towards avionics flighttesting.13; Flight Testing is highly expensive and potentially very risky. Unforeseen problems can lead to13; damage to aircraft and loss of life, both of aircrew and people on the ground. For these reasons modern flighttesting13; is probably one of the most safety conscious professions today. Hence sufficient safety procedures and pro-active precautions followed during the flight test planning, execution and analysis and reporting is addressed with practical scenarios and case studies. The flight test system architecture is also addressed in brief as part of the complete setup. An effort is made to bring out the practical, procedural, safety and functional problems faced during the flight-testing of SARAS

Educational deprivation of children in Andhra Pradesh, levels and trends

In line with the perspectives of human capital, human development and human rights, this paper conceives education to be the basic right of children and re-christens all children who are not in school including child labourers and `no-where children', as educationally deprived children. It examines the prevalence rate, trends, disparities and factors associated with the phenomenon of educational deprivation of children in Andhra Pradesh. The incidence of this deprivation is examined by using data sources available from Census and the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO). In our analysis it is observed that the incidence of educational deprivation of children is coming down over the period, albeit at a slow pace. The state, during the 1990s, experienced a dramatic change in the decline in the incidence of educational deprivation of children. Children who live in rural areas, who are female by gender and belong to SC/ST social groups are relatively the most disadvantaged. It seems that the location effect dominates the gender and caste effects and the interaction of these factors affects the chances of schooling crucially. The district level analysis shows that the leaders and laggards of educational development during pre-independence or pre-state formation retained their relative positions in the early phases of post-state formation period but these positions changed by the year 1991. Few districts from the backward regions were catching up, rising to the positions of the districts in the developed region and even forging ahead. Nevertheless the regional averages show that the historical legacy of educational development/backwardness still holds. Finally, it is observed that the phenomenon of child deprivation is a rural phenomenon closely associated with agrarian economy.Andhra Pradesh, Child Schooling, Educational Deprivation of Children, Child Labour

SMOOTHED DOPPLER PROFILE IN MST RADAR DATA-THE MODIFIED CEPSTRUM APPROACH

ABSTRACT The concept of cepstrum thresholding (CT) is applied to estimate smoothed nonparametric spectrum. The CT method is applied to Mesosphere, Stratosphere and Troposphere (MST) radar data for spectral cleaning. This method is not superior as compared with the conventional Periodogram method. So, to enhance the spectral visibility in Doppler Profile (DP), the CT technique is modified. The modified cepstrum (MC) is developed and implemented, to validate, it is applied to radar data. An adaptive spectral moment's estimation technique is utilized for analyzing the Doppler spectra of the MST radar signals. From the Doppler frequency components, the radial velocities in the direction of the zonal (U), meridional (V), and vertical (W) are estimated. In turn, the wind velocity is estimated from U and V components. The proposed method works well even at higher altitudes and results are compared with the traditional methods such as Peak detection technique and the matched filter. Keywords: MST radar, cepstrum thresholding, doppler shift, matched filter, spectral peak detection, spectral moments. INTRODUCTION National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL) at Gadanki (13.47°N, 79.18°E), India has been operating 53 MHz atmospheric Mesosphere, Stratosphere and Troposphere (MST) radar for studying structure and dynamics of lower, middle and upper atmosphere The method adopted for identifying the signal and computing the three low-order spectral moments is central to the problem of extracting information from the Doppler spectrum of the MST radar signal. The conventional method of analyzing the MST radar spectral data is based on identifying the most prominent peak of the Doppler spectrum for each range gate and computing the three low order spectral moments and signal-to noise ratio (SNR) using the expressions given by The method of adaptive moments estimation was presented to perform consistently well at distinct SNR conditions of atmospheric signal

A facile cyanoacetylation of indoles with cyanocetic acid and propionic anhydride

810-813A facile method for the synthesis of 3-cyanoacetyl indole derivatives mediated by propionic anhydride is described. These 3-cyanoacetylindole derivatives have been used in a starting material for the syntheses of various new compounds like (E)-2-((1H-indol-3-yl)methylene)-3-oxoindolylnitrile, 3-acetyl­cou­mrine­in­doles, 3-cyanoacetylquinones, 3-cyanoacetylindolyl chal­cones, E-2-benzyl-3-(1H-indol-3yl)acrylonitriles, 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-3-oxopropanamides and 3-acetylindoles. </span

Avionics Systems, Integration, and Technologies of the Light Transport Aircraft (Review Paper)

Avionics of the present day comprises advanced technology and software-intensive systems. Earlier generation avionics constituted federated architecture and used line replaceable units (LRUs) having individual resources for each application with redundant hardware and software. However with the advancement of technology, methods,and mechanisms, the industry moved quite rapidly towards the integrated architecture called integrated modular avionics (IMA). Over the last decade there has been tremendous growth in these technologies which has resulted in reduced weight, volume, and developmental efforts. Usage of complex systems with advanced technologies and their certification for use in civil aircraft are the key issues to be addressed even today. Avionics of general aviation aircraft consists of typical systems like communication, navigation, display, radar, engine indication and data acquisition and recoding systems. These can be realised in federated as well as integrated architectures. TheLRUs requirements for avionics sub-system depends on the certification standards like FAR 23 or FAR 25. The whole cycle of architecture definition, integration, testing and means of compliance of the complete suite is the major activity in any new aircraft development programme. Development of ground-based test facilities and proper maintenance of the entire system on aircraft are other important activities in such programmes. These issues are presented in this paper for a typical light transport aircraft (LTA). The new technologies with their relevance, merits/de-merits, awareness of the global systems being adopted, etc., which are being attempted as indigenousdesign and development, are also presented.Defence Science Journal, 2011, 61(4), pp.289-298, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.61.109

Youth employment and unemployment in India

Increase in the share of youth population due to demographic ‘dividend’ or the ‘youth bulge’ seems to be one of the sources of future economic growth in India. Although with increase in school and college enrolment rates, the proportion of youth in the labour force has been declining, their high proportions in the labour force indicate that the problem of youth unemployment and underemployment would remain a serious policy issue for many more years to come in India. In this context, this paper examines the employment and unemployment situation of the youth in India during the last two-and-half decades viz., 1983 to 2007-08. It analyses the trends in labour force and workforce participation rates, unemployment, joblessness, working poor, growth and employment elasticities etc. The paper also offers policy recommendations for increasing productive employment and reduction in unemployment for the youth. The poor employability of the workforce would hamper the advantages due to demographic dividend if measures are not taken to improve the educational attainment and skill development of the youth