A psychophysical analysis of the discernible palette for colour names

A laboratory-based experiment with a colour-calibrated display was used to collect examples of colours that participants associate with each of 9 colour names. The gamut volumes for each of the clusters of colours in CIELAB space were calculated and a computational method was used to estimate how any distinct colours could be placed within each of these volumes. In the case of one of the colour names (pink), an unconstrained web-based experiment was carried out and the gamut volume for pink was similar to the gamut volume derived from the laboratory experiment. It was assumed that colours separated by more than 1 CIELAB unit would be visually distinguishable. The study gave estimates for the number of discernible colours for each of the 9 colour names. The work suggests that although focal colours may exist for each of the colour names used in the study, these colour names are generally not precise communicators of colour and different people might have quite different ideas, for example, about what is being communicated when people use specific colour names

Higher-curvature corrections to holographic entanglement with momentum dissipation

Abstract We study the effects of Gauss–Bonnet corrections on some nonlocal probes (entanglement entropy, n-partite information and Wilson loop) in the holographic model with momentum relaxation. Higher-curvature terms as well as scalar fields make in fact nontrivial corrections to the coefficient of the universal term in entanglement entropy. We use holographic methods to study such corrections. Moreover, holographic calculation indicates that mutual and tripartite information undergo a transition beyond which they identically change their values. We find that the behavior of the transition curves depends on the sign of the Gauss–Bonnet coupling $$\lambda$$ λ . The transition for $$\lambda >0$$ λ>0 takes place in larger separation of subsystems than that of $$\lambda <0$$ λ<0 . Finally, we examine the behavior of modified part of the force between external point-like objects as a function of Gauss–Bonnet coupling and its sign

Higher-curvature corrections to holographic entanglement with momentum dissipation

We study the effects of Gauss–Bonnet corrections on some nonlocal probes (entanglement entropy, n-partite information and Wilson loop) in the holographic model with momentum relaxation. Higher-curvature terms as well as scalar fields make in fact nontrivial corrections to the coefficient of the universal term in entanglement entropy. We use holographic methods to study such corrections. Moreover, holographic calculation indicates that mutual and tripartite information undergo a transition beyond which they identically change their values. We find that the behavior of the transition curves depends on the sign of the Gauss–Bonnet coupling $$\lambda$$. The transition for $$\lambda >0$$ takes place in larger separation of subsystems than that of $$\lambda <0$$. Finally, we examine the behavior of modified part of the force between external point-like objects as a function of Gauss–Bonnet coupling and its sign

Effect of background colour on monitor characterisation

A common solution for transferring images from one device to another without loss of colour fidelity is to characterise each device in terms of CIE tristimulus values. For example, it would be possible with appropriate characterisation procedures to convert the LCD RGB values to CIE XYZ values and vice versa. Characterisation of devices into a standard colour space that is independent of the device reduces the number of transformations which may be required for adequate performance. The first stage in characterisation is to linearise the data termed "gamma correction" for certain devices and then transform the linearised values in CIE XYZ tristimulus values. In order to determine the non-linearity of the characterisation and the matrix for linear conversion between RGB and XYZ it is normal to make colour measurements of certain colour patches displayed on the system. However, it is known that the colour measurements of the patches may vary with the colour and luminance of the background against which they are displayed. Lack of spatial independence is one of the factors that can cause this phenomenon. This raises the question of what the nature of the background should be for an optimal characterisation of a display system. It is likely that what is optimal will depend upon the intended application of the characterised display (for example, is it being used to display simple images in a psychophysical experiment or more complex images in some other setting). This research considers characterisation with four background conditions (white, grey, black and a new Mondrian-like coloured background) and explores the effect of these background effects on the characterisation model’s parameters and on the usefulness of the characterisation in various imaging scenarios

Display characterization for moving images

Color characterization of a display device commonly requires the measurement of CIE XYZ values of known samples displayed as patches on the device so that the relationship between the device space (usually RGB) and the device-independent space (XYZ) can be determined. However, it is known that the color measurements of the patches may vary with the color and luminance of the background against which they are displayed. Lack of spatial independence is one of the factors that can cause this phenomenon. This raises the question of what the nature of the background should be for an optimal characterization of a display system. It is likely that what is optimal will depend upon the in tended application of the characterized display (for example, is it being used to display simple images in a psychophysical experiment or more complex images in some other setting). This research considers characterization with two background conditions (Mondrian-like colored background and Mondrian-like colored background with motion) and explores the effect of these background effects on the characterization model’s parameters and on the usefulness of the characterization in various practical scenarios

Emulsion Transport Through Graphene Oxide Modified Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Membranes

Graphene oxide (GO) is an exceptionally hydrophilic 2D nanomaterial with an ultrahigh specific area, which has demonstrated exceptional antifouling properties from oil. Coating patent no. WO2019106344A1 by G2O Water Technologies Limited suggests the merit of using GO in relevant applications. However, the benefit of using a hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) microfiltration membrane as backing materials for GO has not been tested. Therefore, 0.22 µm PVDF hydrophilic flat sheet microfiltration membrane substrates were coated by G2O’s patented method producing 7.5 nm, 15 nm and 30 nm GO-coated membranes with a diameter of 40 mm. Hexadecane-Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Water emulsion treated the membranes at 1 bar in a dead-end cell. Scanning electron microscope, KSV pendant drop and attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy characterized the surface morphology, water contact angle, and graphene oxide performance. The performance of an unwetted 7.5 nm GO-PVDF membrane outperformed the wetted modified membranes. Despite GO self-catalyzation, the dissociation of sodium dodecyl sulfate and hexadecane coalescence was of ten times their original size during filtration. The modified membrane exhibited a 33% increase in permeate flux and 73.0% oil rejection. This performance indicated that the coating method is capable of withstanding fouling without regular backflushing or chemical clean-in-place

Using polysaccharides against cancer

Background and objectives: Nowadays cancer is one of the most important concerns of the society. The adverse effects of common therapeutics and resistance of some cancerous cells to treatment have brought the necessity of new approaches towards the issue. Polysaccharides are a group of carbohydrates found in natural sources. In the present article, our goal was to show the positive effects of carbohydrates (especially polysaccharides) in cancer treatment, based on literature review. Methods: The literature review was carried out between 1990 and 2017 inclusive using the following search terms: cancer, carbohydrate and polysaccharide and was performed with use of Google scholar, Medline, Scopus, PubMed, Elsevier and other similar data banks, related to medicine and pharmaceutical fields. Results: Plants like Lyceum barbarum, Astragalus membrannceous, Panax ginseng, and Antrodia camphorate have been studied with promising effects in combating cancerous cells. The polysaccharides from these plants have benefits with numerous mechanisms such as apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, anti-proliferation, immunomodulation, tumor suppression, and increase in macrophage activity. Other studies showed over 200 mushrooms with anticancer effects, especially basidiomycetes (e.g. Ganoderma lucidum). Sulfated polysaccharides found in sea and animals or even a few bacteria like E. coli showed to be useful in cancer. Conclusion: Scientists are realizing the importance of natural drugs and polysaccharide as good and available sources that could give a bright future for prevention, cure and palliative therapy in cancer

Designing for downsizing: home-based barriers and facilitators to reduce portion sizes for children

Evidence confirms that parents know that they should limit non-core foods for their children since these tend to be high in energy density (HED), fat, salt and sugar. However, it is unclear how knowledge of portion size limits, such as the 100 kcal guide from Public Health England are applied in practice. To observe in real-time children’s home food environment related to portion control and to explore with parents their reported portion size strategies, a mixed methods study was designed. Families with children aged 1–5 years were recruited (n = 21) to a three-part study: (1) to complete questionnaires and interviews on household food intake and portion control; (2) to report daily food intake for 4 days (n = 13) for one parent and their child(ren); (3) to observe home-based food provisioning via videorecording during dinner, breakfast and snack time (n = 6). Although the problem of large portion sizes of HED foods was recognised by mothers, strategies to downsize portions were not necessarily applied at home, as revealed in home observations and diaries. A mismatch between what was observed at home, what was reported in food diaries and what was said in interviews became apparent for some families. Mothers reported the need for greater support and guidance to downsize HED foods since they relied on pre-packaging as a guide to intake. Education and engagement were identified as important parameters for downsizing by mothers. One strategy which could be explored and applied by manufacturers is packaging design to faciliate the 100 kcal guidance using physical and engaging ways to assist parents in downsizing HED foods for their children. To facilitate effective government communication, innovative packaging design can be used to convey clear guidance and to tailor portion size messages for children. Packaging design, alongside government recommendations, can support parents’ goals to achieve healthy eating and can reinforce guidance for portion norms through innovation involving learning, playful engagement, and interaction