Immunohistochemical Profile of Mucins and their Expression in Precancerous Changes of the Stomach

The aim of this study was to assess the profile of mucins (MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC) in the intestinal metaplasia (IM) of the gastric mucosa through the immunohistochemical method. Methods: To identify the metaplastic areas in the gastric mucosa, chromoendoscopy was employed using 0.5% solution of methylene blue. The expression of the profile of the mucins was determined using immunohistochemistry with MUC1, MUC5AC, and MUC2 antibodies (clone Ma695, clone CLH2, Ccp58 and CLH5, "Novocastra "Great Britain). Results: In the regions adjacent to the adenocarcinoma and neoplastic modified cells, a visible weak expression of MUC2 and MUC5AC was observed. In the case of complete IM, a visibly maximum MUC2 expression was observed in the goblet cells; thus, the MUC5AC, MUC1, and MUC6 marking were absent in the columnar epitheliocytes with the brush border. In the case of incomplete IM, along with the positive MUC2 markings of the goblet cells, the presence of gastric mucin (MUC5AC) has been observed in 25% of such patients with chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) having incomplete IM; however, in the columnar epitheliocytes the characteristic occurrence of gastric mucin (MUC5AC) was observed in 100% of the patients while a small amount of MUC2 was recorded in 15% of patients. Conclusion: The MUC5AC expression of the gastric mucins in the columnar epithelial cells and the goblet exocrinocytes marks the formation of the gastrointestinal phenotype viz., incomplete intestinal metaplasia, along with the simultaneous production of the MUC2 by the goblet cells. The decrease with further loss of the protective MUC5AC production by the columnar epithelial cells and goblet exocrinocytes that were found in the regions of severe dysplasia and IM, adjacent to the neoplastic altered cells, may serve as additional criteria of early malignancy of the gastric mucosa

Гликоделин – потенциальный биомаркер злокачественных опухолей

Objective of the study to analyze and summarize the available data on the role of glycodelin in carcinogenesis and its expression in various cancers.Material and Methods. A literature search was conducted in Medline, PubMed Central, NCBI databases in the time interval from January 1983 to October 2019 using the key words glycodelin and cancer. Of the 104 publications found, 21 were used to write the review.Results. This paper presents the overview of the findings in current research focusing on the properties of glycodelin, the major lipocalin protein of the human reproductive system. Some lipocalins are known to play a key role in cancer development as well as influence signaling pathways in the regulation of cell motility, differentiation and neovascularization. Most likely they can be used as cancer markers. Glycodelin A is determined in serum and, due to its special immunoregulatory properties, can serve as a useful prognostic marker and a promising target for future anti-cancer therapies. The presence of glycodelin A in breast cancer tissue is known to be mostly linked to a better prognosis than is attributed to glycodelin-negative tissue, as glycodelin is a protein typical of differentiated tissue. On the other hand, glycodelin might play a role in neovascularisation, thereby promoting tumor growth. Glycodelin is a biomarker of aggressive malignant pleural mesothelioma and a prognostic biomarker of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer at late stages. Glycodelin hyperexpression is associated with brain metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma, and its determination can be used as an additional prognostic factor.Conclusion. The review refects basic scientifc data and results of clinical trials, as well as identifes future prospects that allow the development of new methods for cancer detection and treatment. It should be noted that glycodelin plays an important role in tumor development, progression, angiogenesis, and the formation of distant metastases, and therefore can serve as a useful diagnostic and prognostic marker. Further studies of the functional properties of glycodelin are needed to develop promising strategies in cancer therapy. Цель исследования ‒ анализ и обобщение имеющихся данных о роли гликоделина в канцерогенезе и его экспрессии при различных видах рака.Материал и методы. Поиск соответствующих источников проводился в системах Medline, PubMed Central, NCBI по ключевым словам glycodelin и cancer. Ввиду ограниченного количества публикаций по исследуемой теме анализировали все данные, опубликованные с января 1983 г. по октябрь 2019 г. Из найденных на эту тему 104 публикаций 21 была включена в обзор.Результаты. В работе представлены результаты современных исследований, посвященных изучению свойств основного липокалина репродуктивной системы человека – гликоделина. Известно, что некоторые липокалины играют ключевую роль в развитии рака, а также влияют на сигнальные пути регуляции клеточной подвижности, дифференцировки и процессов неоваскуляризации. Предположительно, их можно использовать в качестве онкомаркеров. Гликоделин А определяется в сыворотке и благодаря своим особым иммунорегуляторным свойствам может служить полезным прогностическим маркером и перспективной мишенью для будущих терапевтических вмешательств. Известно, что при раке молочной железы наличие гликоделина А характеризует высокую степень дифференцировки клеток опухоли и является биомаркером более благоприятного прогноза. В то же время он играет существенную роль в неоангиогенезе. Гликоделин является биомаркером агрессивной злокачественной мезотелиомы плевры, а также вспомогательным прогностическим биомаркером метастатического немелкоклеточного рака легких на поздних стадиях. Гиперэкспрессия гликоделина ассоциирована с метастазированием в мозг при аденокарциноме легких, и ее определение может быть использовано как дополнительный прогностический показатель.Заключение. В обзоре отражены фундаментальные научные данные и результаты клинических исследований, а также определены дальнейшие перспективы, позволяющие разработать новые методы диагностики и терапии опухолей. Следует отметить, что гликоделин играет важную роль в развитии, прогрессировании опухоли, ангиогенезе и формировании отдаленных метастазов и, следовательно, может служить полезным диагностическим и прогностическим маркером. Необходимы дальнейшие углубленные исследования функциональных свойств гликоделина для разработки перспективных стратегических направлений в онкотерапии.

The influence of clinical, pathological and surgical factors on the occurrence of recurrence of borderline ovarian tumors in different age groups

Background. Borderline ovarian tumors (BOT), due to their unclear biological potential, remain a problem for oncogynecologists. On the one hand, frequent recurrences of tumors, and on the other hand, a high survival rate in the diagnosis of patients requires careful weighing of all risk factors when choosing surgical intervention tactics in patients with BOT. A large number of recurrences of BOT in patients of fertile age lead to disability of patients, deterioration of their quality of life and loss of reproductive function.Objective: evaluation of the influence of clinical and morphological factors (the presence of non-invasive implants, bilateral lesion of the ovaries, the presence of psammous bodies and malignization tricks) and surgical factors (damage to the cyst capsule and carrying out fertility preserving operations) on the recurrence of BOT in various age groups.Materials and methods. The material for the study was the protocols of an in vivo pathoanatomical study of a biopsy (surgical) material obtained from patients with a diagnosis of BOT for the period from 2000 to 2017 inclusive, according to the Regional Forensic Medical Bureau of Kursk. A total of 110 protocols for the first occurrence of BOT and 14 protocols for the tumor recurrences were analyzed. The age of patients undergoing an in vivo pathologic examination ranged from 19 to 75 years.Results and conclusions. It has been revealed that psammous bodies, fertility preserving operations and reproductive age are associated with tumor recurrence. Groups of patients with foci of malignancy and bilateral lesions have a lower risk of BOT recurrence due to the radical surgical treatment tactics and possibly the use of chemotherapy in the first case. Non-invasive implants are not associated with the risk of BOT recurrence

INTERCELLULAR AND CELL-MATRIX INTERACTIONS IN BREAST CARCINOMA: THE PRESENT STATE OF PROBLEM

In the article, based on the analysis of literature and own data, the study of intercellular and cell-matrix interactions in breast tumors was performed. The data considered in the article are important for understanding the processes of intercellular interaction and patterns of tumor growth, since tumor microenvironment plays an important role in the regulation of tumor state

COMPARATIVE IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF E-CADHERIN AND Β-KATENIN EXPRESSION IN METASTATIC AND NON-METASTATIC BREAST CANCER OF NON-SPECIFIC TYPE

Objective: an immunohistochemical analysis of the features of expression, distribution and interaction of E-сadherin and β-сatenin proteins in primary mammary tumors. Materials and methods. The study group consisted of 148 relevant patients with breast cancer (BC), including patients with metastases in lymph nodes (n = 12) and liver (n = 45). E-сadherin and β-сatenin expression on BC cells was determined using immunohistochemical method with specific antibodies. Results. It was shown that the reduction and the total absence of E-сadherin expression was observed much more often in patients with BC with metastases in liver, than in patients without metastases (70 % of cases versus 30 % of cases respectively). An increase of cytoplasmic immune reactivity and a nuclear translocation of β-сatenin are found in more than 80 % cases of BC with metastases.Conclusion. The changes in the expression of E-сadherin and β-сatenin in tumor cell can be considered as factors of a non-favorable prognosis of BC. The emergence of β-сatenin expression indicates the activation of a signaling pathway which is triggered by the aberrant expression of epithelial cadherins leading to an increased mobility and invasion of tumor cells