1,632 research outputs found
The femoral artery and its branches in the baboon Papio anubis
The aim of the research was to examine the anatomy of the arterial system in the
inguinal region, hip and thigh of Papio anubis. No description of this was found in
the available scientific literature, although, at the same time, the baboon is considered
to be a good animal model in biomedical research.
Macroscopic anatomical research was carried out on 20 hind limbs (10 cadavers:
9 male and 1 female) of adult Papio anubis and the results were then
compared with the anatomy of the arterial hind limb systems of other apes as
described in the literature. The circulatory system of the whole body was filled
with coloured latex via the common carotid artery and internal jugular vein,
and traditional methods were then used to prepare the vessels. The arterial
system in the hind extremity of Papio anubis was recorded. The anatomical
names of human arteries were used as well as the names of those of apes as
applied in the literature.
The femoral artery was the only artery supplying the hind limb of Papio anubis.
It started under the inguinal ligament as a continuation of the external iliac
artery. It went down and divided into the popliteal artery, which coursed in the
popliteal fossa, and the saphenous artery, which passed on the medial side of
the thigh and leg. The number of smaller branches and the way in which they
issued from the larger arteries were documented. The external diameter and
length of the hind limb arteries were measured.
It was observed that the cutaneous branches of the femoral artery supplied the
inguinal and genital regions and the abdominal wall, while the deep artery of
the thigh was the main vessel of the hip and thigh
Superficial veins of the foot in the baboon Papio anubis
Although the baboon is considered a good animal model in biomedical research,
no description of the superficial veins of the foot in Papio anubis is found in the available literature. The current study was conducted to document the anatomy of these veins in the baboon foot.
A macroscopic anatomical investigation was carried out on 20 hind legs
(10 cadavers) of the adult Papio anubis (9 males and 1 female). The circulatory system of the entire body was filled with coloured latex. Traditional methods were used for the preparation of the veins of the legs. These were then compared with the venous system of the lower extremities in humans as presented in the literature.
The medial and lateral metatarsal veins, the dorsal venous network, the long
saphenous vein and the short saphenous vein in Papio anubis were described according to their origin, course, opening, length and diameter. The network observed was divided into three types with respect to the connections between the superficial veins. The investigation revealed no symmetry in the venous system
of the baboon foot.
The short saphenous vein appeared to be the main vein of the hind leg in Papio anubis and the long saphenous vein ran as a double vessel
The topography of the superficial veins of the hind leg in the baboon Papio anubis in comparison with the superficial veins of the lower limb in humans
Our studies were carried out on 8 male and 2 female baboons Papio anubis
cadavers. We examined a total of 20 hind legs. The vessels of the hind leg were
filled with coloured latex. Afterwards we prepared the superficial and deep veins
and accompanying arteries. We paid attention to the location, diameter and the
course of the long and short saphenous veins. We found many differences between
the system of superficial veins in the baboon hind leg and that in the
human lower limb. First of all, the long saphenous vein in the baboon Papio
anubis presented as two similar trunks that ran together with a concomitant
artery. The saphenofemoral junction was also duplicated. The distance between
these outlets was about 4 mm and their location was different from that in
humans. Neither trunk exceeded 2.5 m in diameter.
Some human-like features were noticed in the system of the short saphenous
vein in Papio anubis. The diameter of the short saphenous vein and its course
and the location of the saphenopopliteal junction were very similar to those in
humans. On the other hand, the short saphenous vein was the main superficial
venous channel of the hind limb of Papio anubis
Venous drainage of the middle lobe of the right lung in man
The shape of the middle lobe of the right lung may vary greatly because of the
varying extent of its surfaces in different specimens and the profuse branching of
the two segmental bronchi, arteries and veins. The architecture of the middle lobe
is therefore especially difficult to understand. For these reasons, attention must be
paid to the arrangements of the veins which separate its segments. Thus, the aim
of this study was to investigate the ways in which venous drainage of the middle
lobe segments may take place. The studies were performed on 40 organs taken
from adult human cadavers of both sexes. The pulmonary vessels and bronchi
were filled with Plastogen G, after which corrosion casts were made and skeletonised.
The lateral segment (SIV) and the medial segment (SV) of the middle lobe
were drained in 55% of specimens by one vein and in 35% of specimens by two
separately terminated veins. Considerably less frequently there were 3 veins (7.5%
of specimens) and only in 2.5% of specimens - 4 veins. In specimens where the
middle lobe was drained by one vein (55%) it was formed by joining the lateral
(V4) and the medial (V5) segmental veins. In 32.5% of specimens these two segmental
veins were formed by a junction of their typical sub-segmental tributaries,
where the posterior sub-segmental vein V4a and the superior sub-segmental vein
V5a were intra-segmental veins, whereas the anterior sub-segmental vein V4b
and the inferior sub-segmental vein V5b were inter-segmental veins. In the
remaining 22.5% of specimens with one vein of the middle lobe we noticed modifications
in the course of the bronchi, arteries and veins. In the middle lobes
drained by two separate veins (35% of specimens) there were independently running
segmental veins, V4 and V5. These were formed by their typical tributaries
(15%), whereas in the remaining 20% of specimens there were unusual patterns.
Three individual veins of the middle lobe (7.5% of specimens) accompanied the
lateral-medial type of bronchial arrangement in 5% of specimens, while in 2.5%
of specimens the bronchial pattern was of the superior-inferior type. These veins
run so as to form more often two superior and one inferior vein. The venous
pattern of the middle lobe was consistent with the bronchial and arterial patterns
in 35% of specimens. However, this conformation was present in those organs
(32.5% of specimens) where the middle lobe was drained by one vein and only in
2.5% of specimens if there were two veins. If 3 or 4 individually emptied veins
were present, we could not find any organ in which the bronchial, arterial and
venous pattern would be fully compatible. Thus, the research revealed that convenient
conditions for the separation of the segments of the middle lobe of the
right lung were present in approximately 1/3 of the middle lobes
The bifid anterior coracoscapular ligament: a new morphological variation and its potential clinical implications
The suprascapular notch (SSN) is the typical site of compression and injury of the suprascapular nerve (SN), which results in a neuropathy known as suprascapular nerve entrapment. The SSN is enclosed from the top by the superior traverse scapular ligament (STSL), creating a tunnel for the SN. On the both sides of the suprascapular notch, below the STSL, the anterior coracoscapular ligament (ACSL) is found. This fibrous band can potentially narrow the opening and contribute to the occurrence of suprascapular entrapment syndrome. This study presents a first case of a bifid anterior coracoscapular ligament coexisting with atypical suprascapular nerve course that has never been described in the literature. Knowledge of such anatomical variations can be helpful in arthroscopic and open procedures of the suprascapular region and confirms the safety of operative decompression for entrapment of the suprascapular nerve
Changes in the wall of the great saphenous vein at consecutive stages in patients suffering from chronic vein disease of the lower limbs
The aim of the study was to show the changes in the great saphenous vein
(GSV) wall at consecutive stages in the development of chronic vein disease
(CVD) in patients qualified for a surgical procedure after physical examination and Doppler ultrasonography. Four groups of patients were formed (C2, C3, C4
and C5/6) according to clinical stage of the CEAP classification (C - clinical
signs, E - aetiopathology, A - anatomy and P - pathophysiology). After the
surgical procedure for removal of the varicose GSVs, 40 segments were harvested from their proximal parts near the saphenofemoral junction, 10 segments for each CEAP group. The veins were sectioned transversally and stained with the resorcin-fuchsin and AZAN method to visualise the elastic end collagen fibres. Afterwards the specimens were analysed under an optical microscope and photographed.
As the GSV is an elastic vessel and its wall is divided into three zones,
namely the internal layer (intima), the medial layer (media) and the external layer (adventitia), we found a proliferation of the connective tissue among the smooth muscle cells inside the internal and medial layers at consecutive stages of CVD. The later stages of CVD also revealed a larger number of the elastic and collagen
fibres inside the intima and media and a looser arrangement of the smooth
muscle cells of the media in the GSV wall
Persistent jugulocephalic vein: case report including commentaries on distribution of valves, blood flow direction and embryology
This paper is a detailed case study of the persistent anastomotic channel between the cephalic vein and the external jugular vein, running anterior to the clavicle, corresponding to the jugulocephalic vein present at early stages of the ontogenesis in humans. This connection is not only a relic of early foetal development seldom occurring in adults, but it may also be of clinical significance, increasing the risk of complications during the cephalic vein catheterisation, clavicular fractures or head and neck surgery. The novelty in this paper was to determine the presence and distribution of valves within the persistent jugulocephalic vein. Three bicuspid venous valves were found that allowed the blood to flow only in one direction — from the cephalic vein to the external jugular vein. The anastomosis between the persistent jugulocephalic vein and the thoracoacromial veins was additionally present. Due to lack of similar data in the literature, further research should be performed on the presence and distribution of the venous valves in various types of the persistent jugulocephalic vein in humans
Arterial supply of human and bovine testes: a topographic and morphometric comparison study
The aim of the study was to compare the arteries supplying human and bovine
masculine gonads. The study was made on two extremely different types of location
of the mediastinum testis. The study was made on 100 (50 human and
50 bovine) corrosive casts of the testicular, cremasteric, and deference duct arteries.
The differences between the species included different courses of the testicular
artery inside the spermatic duct, the relative size of the three arterial diameters,
and the morphology of the anastomoses of the arteries.
In human testicular arteries, the course inside the spermatic course was more
variable than in that of bulls. The artery was straighter and in 80% of the cases
did not form the loops which were present in 100% of the bovine specimens.
The bovine testicular artery was significantly wider in relation to the cremasteric
and deferens duct arteries than the human one. This finding suggests that
collateral blood flow to the testis was less effective in bulls than in men. The
human testicular artery directly connected the other two with its terminal branches.
The bovine testicular artery connected with the cremasteric and deferens
duct arteries indirectly by means of its deferens duct branch. (Folia Morphol
2010; 69, 4: 225-231
The plantaris muscle — rare relations to the neurovascular bundle in the popliteal fossa
The plantaris muscle is characterised by morphological variability, both for origin and insertion, and may sometimes be absent. Its strength allows the ligament to be used for reconstruction of other tendons and ligaments. This report presents the rare placements and course of the plantaris muscle in relation to the neurovascular bundle. In this case, the hypertrophy of this muscle might cause pressure on the tibial nerve and produce symptoms similar to sciatica
Correlation between morphometry of the suprascapular notch and anthropometric measurements of the scapula
The concept of the study was to find the correlation between the morphometry
of the suprascapular notch and basic anthropometric measurements of the
human scapula.
The measurements of the human scapulae included: morphological length and
width, maximal width and length projection of scapular spine, length of acromion,
and maximal length of the coracoid process. The glenoid cavity was
measured in two perpendicular directions to evaluate its width and length. The
width-length scapular and glenoid cavity indexes were calculated for every
bone. In addition to standard anthropometric measurements two other measurements
were defined and evaluated for every suprascapular notch: maximal
depth (MD) and superior transverse diameter (STD).
The superior transverse suprascapular ligament was completely ossified in 7%
of cases. Ten (11.6%) scapulae had a discrete notch. In the studied material, in
21 (24.4%) scapulae the MD was longer than the STD. Two (2.3%) scapulae
had equal maximal depth and superior transverse diameter. In 47 (57.7%) scapulae
the superior transverse diameter was longer than the maximal depth. There
was no statistically significant difference between anthropometric measurements
in the group with higher MD and the group with higher STD. The maximal
depth of the suprascapular notch negatively correlated with the scapular
width-length index. The maximal depth of the scapular notch correlated with
the morphological length of the scapulae. (Folia Morphol 2011; 70, 2: 109–115
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