An analytic investigation on the relationship of non-linear ultrasonic testing, ultrasonic pulse velocity and acoustic emission versus load applied on concrete

Non-destructive testing on concrete structures is used in concrete testing to lessen the destruction of concrete during testing and to further analyze the strength of concrete and if it is suitable for a certain structure. Nonlinear ultrasonic testing was particularly used in this study in order to assess the concrete. The data that was used in the study was gathered from previous experiments conducted in Tokyo Institute of Technology and De La Salle University. There were a total of 141 samples of cubes and beams of different concrete types such as, ordinary reinforced concrete, high strength concrete and fiber reinforced concrete. The samples were subjected to different loading patterns such as loading and loading-unloading. With these samples, the parameters of non-linear ultrasonic testing, such as time domain, frequency domain, higher harmonics, harmonic ratio, peak to peak amplitude, ultrasonic pulse velocity and acoustic emissions were determined. Based from these acquired results, significant observations and trends were produced. Considering the energy, fatigue and strength of concrete, the fundamental amplitude and the peak to peak amplitude showed a decreasing behavior with respect to the increase in load. As for the ultrasonic pulse velocity, the different types of concrete produce varying pulse velocity in the concrete which also determines the strength of the concrete. Ordinary reinforced concrete shows a higher pulse velocity comparing to fiber reinforced concrete. For acoustic emissions, the production of acoustic emission counts depends on the water content of the concrete specimen. These findings can be helpful in determining the structural integrity and properties of concrete using nondestructive testing

Molecular and Translational Classifications of DAMPs in Immunogenic Cell Death

The immunogenicity of malignant cells has recently been acknowledged as a critical determinant of efficacy in cancer therapy. Thus, besides developing direct immunostimulatory regimens, including dendritic cell-based vaccines, checkpoint-blocking therapies, and adoptive T-cell transfer, researchers have started to focus on the overall immunobiology of neoplastic cells. It is now clear that cancer cells can succumb to some anticancer therapies by undergoing a peculiar form of cell death that is characterized by an increased immunogenic potential, owing to the emission of the so-called "damage-associated molecular patterns" (DAMPs). The emission of DAMPs and other immunostimulatory factors by cells succumbing to immunogenic cell death (ICD) favors the establishment of a productive interface with the immune system. This results in the elicitation of tumor-targeting immune responses associated with the elimination of residual, treatment-resistant cancer cells, as well as with the establishment of immunological memory. Although ICD has been characterized with increased precision since its discovery, several questions remain to be addressed. Here, we summarize and tabulate the main molecular, immunological, preclinical, and clinical aspects of ICD, in an attempt to capture the essence of this phenomenon, and identify future challenges for this rapidly expanding field of investigation.status: publishe