Effect of cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor on some biochemical parameters in normal male rats

Endogenous cholesterol acts as a precursor of testosterone and other steroids hormones, this study was conducted to evaluate if there is a counterproductive effect associated with inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis pathway specially in high doses and the degree of these effects in normal male rats. Forty eight adult Wistar rats divided into four groups, the first is control while the remaining three groups were treated with simvastatin (cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor) in doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg.kg-1 respectively. Serum samples were observed at the baseline then every fifteen days while tissue samples were observed at day 30 and 60. Results of statistic refered to a significant decrease (p≤ 0.05) in serum total cholesterol and triglycerides (by 24 and 49% ± 3) respectively, also serum testosterone was significantly decreased (by 71% ± 2) in all groups compared to control after thirty and sixty days. The activity of alanine aminotransferase was increased (57% ± 3) versus to aspartate aminotransferase. Liver cholesterol was significantly decreased (by 72% ± 2) while testicular cholesterol was decreased except the group of 100 mg.kg-1 which in turns to elevate (61% ± 4), in addition also there was a decrease in body weight gain percentage neither the weights of liver nor testis was affected. In conclusion, the inhibition of denovo pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis negatively affects testosterone level in addition to cholesterol concentration in the tissues, body weight gain and alanine aminotransferase with no successful compensatory mechanism as related with testosterone level

Analisis Yuridis Penerbitan Surat Perintah Penghentian Penuntutan oleh Kejaksaan Dikaitkan dengan Asas Oportunitas dan Undang-undang No 16 Tahun 2004 Tentang Kejaksaan RI

Prosecutors acting prosecuting a person suspected of committing crimes is based on Article 8 paragraph (2) of Law No. 16 of 2004 on the Attorney RI. In prosecuting attorney acting for and on behalf of the State. To prosecute a person suspected of committing a crime, the prosecutor is allowed to waive the case in the public interest pursuant to Article 35 letter c. Law No. 16 of 2004 on the Attorney RI. On the other hand the prosecuting attorney must uphold the principle of equality before the law. Authority to waive the case prosecutor apparently misused by the Attorney on specific cases. For example: Case BLBI and Bibit-Chandra case. Setting principles and opportunity in the Code of Criminal Procedure Law. 16 Year 2004 on Indonesian Attorney can not give an explanation although expressly recognized the principle of opportunity. Criminal Procedure Code recognizes the principle of opportunity, however, the Criminal Code does not provide an explanation about this. While in Law. 16 of 2004 on the Attorney RI, the principle of opportunity provided for in Article 35 letter c as the authority of the Attorney General in the case of a waiver in the public interest. Regarding the public interest itself also still can cause a variety of different interpretations due to the Criminal Procedure Code and the Law. 16 Year 2004 on Indonesian Attorney formulate the common definition is too broad and should be returned or refer to the ideals of the law or of the nation as expressed in the preamble of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The results showed that: Should termination prosecution done really pay attention to grounds for termination of prosecution; Better regulation principles set opportunity in more detail and specific especially in providing the sense of "the public interest", and should provide limits understanding of the categories included in "the interests of general "

Tindak Pidana Penipuan Terkait dengan Iklan Penjualan Barang yang Merugikan Konsumen

Meet their needs, consumers are faced with various types of products offered by businesses. With the various types of products and freedom for consumers to choose a variety of products offered lead to competition among businesses. Competition among businesses to market products that offer the consumer interest can be done in various ways, one of them promoting products through print media advertisements. Advertising is a tool for businesses to introduce their products to the public in order to influence the tendency for people to use or consume. The problem is, the ad does not always give a true or deceptive information about an advertised product, so that consumers can be harmed by the behavior. If perpetrators of this background can be formulated several problems, namely how the forms of advertising fraud that harm consumers, whether fraud ad meets the elements of a crime, how to determine the criminal liability for those who make advertising the sale of goods that harm consumers in Indonesia based on the Code of Criminal Law and Law 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Whistleblower Dan Justice Collaborator Dalam Upaya Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi

The development of the modus of corruption criminal act in Indonesia today has indicated a wide scale and become more sophisticated so that it is very difficult to prove it. One of the methods to uncover this organized crime of corruption is by using the role of whistleblowers that can help uncover the modus of corruption criminal act more easily. Unfortunately, whistleblowers and justice collaborators in corruption case in Indonesia have not received maximal legal protection; in consequence, people who want to expose the crime and who have the right to gain reward will go to prison instead. In Indonesia, judicial normatively, based on Law No.13/2006, whistleblowers and justice collaborators have not yet received maximal legal protection. The same is true for SEMA No.4/2011; whistleblowers and justice collaborators only received leniency of a sentence. The ideal legal protection is by giving reward, treatment, and protection from all charges as the compensation for what a whistleblower has exposed, whether he is one of the perpetrators or not