Topological Order in Projected Wave Functions and Effective Theories of Quantum Antiferromagnets

We study the topological order in RVB state derived from Gutzwiller projection of BCS-like mean field state. We propose to construct the topological excitation on the projected RVB state through Gutzwiller projection of mean field state with inserted $Z_{2}$ flux tube. We prove that all projected RVB states derived from bipartite effective theories, no matter the gauge structure in the mean field ansatz, are positive definite in the sense of the Marshall sign rule, which provides a universal origin for the absence of topological order in such RVB state.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure

The Calcitonin Receptor Gene Is a Candidate for Regulation of Susceptibility to Herpes simplex Type 1 Neuronal Infection Leading to Encephalitis in Rat

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a fatal infection of the central nervous system (CNS) predominantly caused by Herpes simplex virus type 1. Factors regulating the susceptibility to HSE are still largely unknown. To identify host gene(s) regulating HSE susceptibility we performed a genome-wide linkage scan in an intercross between the susceptible DA and the resistant PVG rat. We found one major quantitative trait locus (QTL), Hse1, on rat chromosome 4 (confidence interval 24.3–31 Mb; LOD score 29.5) governing disease susceptibility. Fine mapping of Hse1 using recombinants, haplotype mapping and sequencing, as well as expression analysis of all genes in the interval identified the calcitonin receptor gene (Calcr) as the main candidate, which also is supported by functional studies. Thus, using unbiased genetic approach variability in Calcr was identified as potentially critical for infection and viral spread to the CNS and subsequent HSE development

Associations between depressive symptoms and disease progression in older patients with chronic kidney disease: results of the EQUAL study

Background Depressive symptoms are associated with adverse clinical outcomes in patients with end-stage kidney disease; however, few small studies have examined this association in patients with earlier phases of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We studied associations between baseline depressive symptoms and clinical outcomes in older patients with advanced CKD and examined whether these associations differed depending on sex. Methods CKD patients (>= 65 years; estimated glomerular filtration rate <= 20 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) were included from a European multicentre prospective cohort between 2012 and 2019. Depressive symptoms were measured by the five-item Mental Health Inventory (cut-off <= 70; 0-100 scale). Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to study associations between depressive symptoms and time to dialysis initiation, all-cause mortality and these outcomes combined. A joint model was used to study the association between depressive symptoms and kidney function over time. Analyses were adjusted for potential baseline confounders. Results Overall kidney function decline in 1326 patients was -0.12 mL/min/1.73 m(2)/month. A total of 515 patients showed depressive symptoms. No significant association was found between depressive symptoms and kidney function over time (P = 0.08). Unlike women, men with depressive symptoms had an increased mortality rate compared with those without symptoms [adjusted hazard ratio 1.41 (95% confidence interval 1.03-1.93)]. Depressive symptoms were not significantly associated with a higher hazard of dialysis initiation, or with the combined outcome (i.e. dialysis initiation and all-cause mortality). Conclusions There was no significant association between depressive symptoms at baseline and decline in kidney function over time in older patients with advanced CKD. Depressive symptoms at baseline were associated with a higher mortality rate in men

Localized maternal mRNA related to transforming growth factor beta mRNA is concentrated in a cytokeratin-enriched fraction from Xenopus oocytes.

The localized maternal RNA Vg1 resides in the cortical region of the vegetal pole of fully grown Xenopus oocytes and is inherited by only a subset of blastomeres in the early embryo [Weeks, D. L. & Melton, D. A. (1987) Cell 51, 861-867]. Because RNA-cytoskeletal interactions may play a role in RNA localization, we have examined the association of Vg1 RNA with components of the oocyte's cytoskeleton. Gel and immunoblot analysis of a detergent-insoluble fraction revealed a greatly simplified protein pattern composed largely of cytokeratins and vimentin. In sharp contrast to the nonlocalized histone H3 mRNA, Vg1 RNA was concentrated some 35- to 50-fold in this insoluble fraction. Extractions at higher salt concentrations yielded preparations further enriched in cytokeratins and in the Vg1 RNA. Upon ovulation, VG1 RNA is released into the soluble fraction. This change in Vg1 RNA distribution coincides with the observed breakdown of cortical cytokeratin filaments [Klymkowsky, M. W., Maynell, L. A. & Polson, A. G. (1987) Development 100, 543-557] and the loss of Vg1 RNA from the cortical region. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that RNA-cytoskeletal interactions are involved in the localization and segregation of information during development

The LCR-like alpha-globin positive regulatory element functions as an enhancer in transiently transfected cells during erythroid differentiation.

A positive regulatory element (PRE) similar to the locus control region (LCR) of the human beta-globin gene cluster has recently been identified 40 kb upstream of the human zeta-globin mRNA cap site (Higgs D.R. W.G. Wood, A.P. Jarman, J. Sharpe, J. Lida, I.M. Pretorius, and H. Ayyub. 1990). We investigated the influence of the alpha PRE on human alpha-globin promoter activity in transiently transfected cells. The introduction of the alpha PRE into alpha-globin promoter/CAT expression constructs increased alpha-globin promoter activity by 15-30 fold in a human erythroid cell line (Putko) as well as in mouse erythroleukemia cells (MELCs) induced with hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA). When these constructs were introduced into uninduced MELCs or HeLa cells, only a 2-3 fold increase in alpha-globin promoter activity was observed. Deletion of 600 bp of alpha-globin 5' flanking sequences containing six putative SP1-binding sites had no significant effect on levels of alpha-globin promoter enhancement by the alpha PRE. We further demonstrated that the alpha PRE and HS2 of the beta-LCR could similarly enhance transcriptional activity of the SV40 early promoter in HMBA induced MELCs. Finally, we showed that alpha-globin promoter activity in the presence of the alpha PRE increased with continued HMBA exposure and was coincident with transcriptional activation of endogenous globin genes

Patterns of localization and cytoskeletal association of two vegetally localized RNAs, Vg1 and Xcat-2

In Xenopus, localization of a rare class of mRNAs during oogenesis is believed to initiate pattern formation in the early embryo. We have determined the pattern of RNA localization for one of these RNAs, Xcat-2, which encodes a putative RNA-binding protein related to Drosophila nanos (Mosquera, L., Forristall, C., Zhou, Y. and King, M. L. (1993) Development 117, 377-386). Xcat-2 is exclusively localized to the mitochondrial cloud in stage I oocytes, moves with this body into the vegetal cortex during stage II and, later, partitions into islands consistent with it being a component of the germ plasm. As previously shown, Vg1 is not localized to the vegetal cortex until stage IV and distributes to all vegetal blastomeres during development. We found a direct correlation between the localized condition of these RNAs and their recovery in a detergent-insoluble fraction. We present evidence suggesting that differential RNA binding to a cytoskeletal component(s) in the vegetal cortex determines the pattern of inheritance for that RNA in the embryo