Healthy status and energy balance in pediatrics

During growth, the human body increases in size and changes proportion of various components due to hormones mediators. Nutritional status is the result of introduction, absorption and utilization of the nutrients and it has a new definition in the relationship between nutritional status and healthy status. In this view energy balance, body function and body composition are three entities correlated each other. This mini-review article examines issues and techniques specifically related to a pediatric population in the field of body composition and energy expenditure. It is broadly divided into two sections. The first section discusses body composition measurements underlying principles, advantages, disadvantages and consensus. The second section reviews energy expenditure and physical activity measurement techniques. In conclusion general clinical suggestions are offered regarding pediatric body composition, healthy status and energy balance

A new device for measuring resting energy expenditure (REE) in healthy subjects.

Lifestyle change targeted towards increasing daily resting energy expenditure (REE) is one of the cornerstones of obesity treatment. Measurements of energy expenditure and substrate utilization are essential to understanding the metabolic basis of obesity, and the physiological responses to perturbations in habitual food intake. REE is the largest part of human energy expenditure (60-70%) and an increase or decrease in REE would have a large impact on total energy. Accurate and easy-to-use methods for measuring REE are needed, to be applied by clinicians in daily clinical settings to assess the validity of a new instrument to estimate REE in normal weight, healthy adults. METHODS: Ninety-nine subjects (52 females and 47 males) (mean+/-SD, age 38+/-14 years; body mass index (BMI) 23+/-3 kg/m(2)) were tested. REE was assessed using a Sensor Medics Vmax metabolic cart with a ventilated canopy and with the SenseWear armband. Body composition, percentage fat mass (%FM) and percentage fat free mass (%FFM) were assessed by skinfold thickness measurements (SF), bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA) and air displacement plethysmography (BOD-POD). RESULTS: No significant difference was found among measurements of FFM using the three different techniques. Both SenseWear and Sensor Medics Vmax showed a high correlation, r=0.42 and r=0.40 (p<0.0001) respectively, with BMI. No significant difference was found in mean REE between SenseWear (1540+/-280 kcal/day) and Sensor Medics Vmax (1700+/-330 kcal/day) (p=ns) and the correlation between REE measured by SenseWear and Sensor Medics Vmax was high (r=0.86, p<0.0001). Bland-Altman plot showed no difference in REE determination between SenseWear and Sensor Medics Vmax. %FFM determined by BOD-POD correlated with SenseWear (r=0.42, p<0.0001) as well as Sensor Medics Vmax (r=0.38, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: SF, BIA and BOD-POD provide valid and reliable measurements of FFM. Our results suggest that the SenseWear armband is an acceptable device to accurately measure REE in healthy subjects. Its characteristics have the potential to reduce measurement times and make the SenseWear armband useful for epidemiological studies

Growth-Healthy status and active food model in pediatrics

OBJECTIVE: The brain integrates peripheral signals of nutrition in order to maintain a stable body weight. Nutritional status defined as the results of introduction, absorption, and utilization of the nutrients could be interpreted with the base of the relationship between nutritional status and healthy status. In this view, energy balance, body function, and body composition are three entities correlated to each other to the healthy status. AIM: To discuss the nutritional status in relation with healthy status, and its relationship with growth and nutrients. METHODS: A review of the available literature on food patterns and active food model was carried out. RESULTS: In the reviewed studies, strategies that could offer promising results to prevent overweight and obesity were discussed, in particular in the light of functional foods that effect energy metabolism and fat partitioning. CONCLUSION: At this moment it is necessary to proactively discuss and promote healthy eating behaviors among children at an early age and empower parents to promote children's ability to self-regulate energy intake while providing appropriate structure and boundaries around eating

Growth: healthy status and active food model in pediatrics.

OBJECTIVE: The brain integrates peripheral signals of nutrition in order to maintain a stable body weight. Nutritional status defined as the results of introduction, absorption, and utilization of the nutrients could be interpreted with the base of the relationship between nutritional status and healthy status. In this view, energy balance, body function, and body composition are three entities correlated to each other to the healthy status. AIM: To discuss the nutritional status in relation with healthy status, and its relationship with growth and nutrients. METHODS: A review of the available literature on food patterns and active food model was carried out. RESULTS: In the reviewed studies, strategies that could offer promising results to prevent overweight and obesity were discussed, in particular in the light of functional foods that effect energy metabolism and fat partitioning. CONCLUSION: At this moment it is necessary to proactively discuss and promote healthy eating behaviors among children at an early age and empower parents to promote children's ability to self-regulate energy intake while providing appropriate structure and boundaries around eating

Healthy status and energy balance in pediatrics.

During growth, the human body increases in size and changes proportion of various components due to hormones mediators. Nutritional status is the result of introduction, absorption and utilization of the nutrients and it has a new definition in the relationship between nutritional status and healthy status. In this view energy balance, body function and body composition are three entities correlated each other. This mini-review article examines issues and techniques specifically related to a pediatric population in the field of body composition and energy expenditure. It is broadly divided into two sections. The first section discusses body composition measurements underlying principles, advantages, disadvantages and consensus. The second section reviews energy expenditure and physical activity measurement techniques. In conclusion general clinical suggestions are offered regarding pediatric body composition, healthy status and energy balance

Respiratory rehabilitative treatment in neonatal intensive care in premature infants with pulmonary bronchodysplasia (BDP): evaluation of efficacy [Trattamento riabilitativo respiratorio in neonati prematuri con broncodisplasia polmonare (BDP): valutazione dell\u2019efficacia]

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A new device for measuring resting energy expenditure (REE) in healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Lifestyle change targeted towards increasing daily resting energy expenditure (REE) is one of the cornerstones of obesity treatment. Measurements of energy expenditure and substrate utilization are essential to understanding the metabolic basis of obesity, and the physiological responses to perturbations in habitual food intake. REE is the largest part of human energy expenditure (60-70%) and an increase or decrease in REE would have a large impact on total energy. Accurate and easy-to-use methods for measuring REE are needed, to be applied by clinicians in daily clinical settings to assess the validity of a new instrument to estimate REE in normal weight, healthy adults. METHODS: Ninety-nine subjects (52 females and 47 males) (mean+/-SD, age 38+/-14 years; body mass index (BMI) 23+/-3 kg/m(2)) were tested. REE was assessed using a Sensor Medics Vmax metabolic cart with a ventilated canopy and with the SenseWear armband. Body composition, percentage fat mass (%FM) and percentage fat free mass (%FFM) were assessed by skinfold thickness measurements (SF), bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA) and air displacement plethysmography (BOD-POD). RESULTS: No significant difference was found among measurements of FFM using the three different techniques. Both SenseWear and Sensor Medics Vmax showed a high correlation, r=0.42 and r=0.40 (p<0.0001) respectively, with BMI. No significant difference was found in mean REE between SenseWear (1540+/-280 kcal/day) and Sensor Medics Vmax (1700+/-330 kcal/day) (p=ns) and the correlation between REE measured by SenseWear and Sensor Medics Vmax was high (r=0.86, p<0.0001). Bland-Altman plot showed no difference in REE determination between SenseWear and Sensor Medics Vmax. %FFM determined by BOD-POD correlated with SenseWear (r=0.42, p<0.0001) as well as Sensor Medics Vmax (r=0.38, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: SF, BIA and BOD-POD provide valid and reliable measurements of FFM. Our results suggest that the SenseWear armband is an acceptable device to accurately measure REE in healthy subjects. Its characteristics have the potential to reduce measurement times and make the SenseWear armband useful for epidemiological studies