Normal values of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume (FEV 1-0), and peak flow rate (PFR) in children.

The normal values in children for the forced vital capacity (FVC), the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEVI.,), and the peak flow rate (PFR) have been determined in a group of 261 healthy schoolchildren. Charts which allow the ready determination of these values have been presented

BASIS-MATH 4-8: Basisdiagnostik Mathematik für die Klassen 4-8

Anhand von 48 Aufgaben werden neben den Grundoperationen auch die Rechenwege bzw. Vorgehensweisen beim Rechnen, das Verständnis des dezimalen Stellenwertsystems, die Zählkompetenz, das Operationsverständnis und die Mathematisierungsfähigkeit überprüft. Die Auswertung erfolgt auf der Ebene der Gesamtleistung (Erreichen des empirisch und theoretisch bestimmten Grenzwerts), der verwendeten Rechenwege bzw. Vorgehensweisen und durch eine qualitative Analyse verschiedener mathematischer Inhaltsbereiche. Auf dieser Grundlage werden Hinweise für eine weiterführende qualitative Diagnostik und die Förderung gegeben. Das PC-Auswerteprogramm sorgt für eine fehlerfreie und komfortable Auswertung

Maladaptive exploratory behavior and neuropathology of the PS-1 P117L Alzheimer transgenic mice.

Patients with the early-onset Alzheimer's disease P117L mutation in the presenilin-1 gene (PS-1) present pathological hallmarks in the hippocampus, the frontal cortex and the basal ganglia. In the present work we determined by immunohistochemistry which brain regions were injured in the transgenic PS-1 P117L mice, in comparison to their littermates, the B6D2 mice. Furthermore, as these regions are involved in novelty detection, we investigated the behavior of these mice in tests for object and place novelty recognition. Limited numbers of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles were detected in aged PS-1 P117L mice in the CA1 only, indicating that the disease is restrained to an initial neuropathological stage. Western blots showed a change in PSD-95 expression (p=0.03), not in NR2A subunit, NR2B subunit and synaptophysin expressions in the frontal cortex, suggesting specific synaptic alterations. The behavioral tests repeatedly revealed, despite a non-significant preference for object or place novelty, maladaptive exploratory behavior of the PS-1 P117L mice in novel environmental conditions, not due to locomotor problems. These mice, unlike the B6D2 mice, were less inhibited to visit the center of the cages (p=0.01) and they continued to move excessively in the presence of a displaced object (p=0.021). Overall, the PS-1 P117L mice appear to be in an initial Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathological stage, and they showed a lack of reaction toward novel environmental conditions