25,476 research outputs found
On the deformation of abelian integrals
We consider the deformation of abelian integrals which arose from the study
of SG form factors. Besides the known properties they are shown to satisfy
Riemann bilinear identity. The deformation of intersection number of cycles on
hyperelliptic curve is introduced.Comment: 8 pages, AMSTE
Element gain drifts as an imaging dynamic range limitation in PAF-based interferometers
Interferometry with phased-array feeds (PAFs) presents new calibration
challenges in comparison with single-pixel feeds. In particular, temporal
instability of the compound beam patterns due to element gain drifts (EGDs) can
produce calibration artefacts in interferometric images. To translate imaging
dynamic range requirements into PAF hardware and calibration requirements, we
must learn to relate EGD levels to imaging artefact levels. We present a
MeqTrees-based simulations framework that addresses this problem, and apply it
to the APERTIF prototype currently in development for the WSRT.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, poster presentation at the XXX URSI General
Assembly and Scientific Symposium (Istanbul, Turkey, August 13-20, 2011
Revisiting the radio interferometer measurement equation. IV. A generalized tensor formalism
The radio interferometer measurement equation (RIME), especially in its 2x2
form, has provided a comprehensive matrix-based formalism for describing
classical radio interferometry and polarimetry, as shown in the previous three
papers of this series. However, recent practical and theoretical developments,
such as phased array feeds (PAFs), aperture arrays (AAs) and wide-field
polarimetry, are exposing limitations of the formalism. This paper aims to
develop a more general formalism that can be used to both clearly define the
limitations of the matrix RIME, and to describe observational scenarios that
lie outside these limitations. Some assumptions underlying the matrix RIME are
explicated and analysed in detail. To this purpose, an array correlation matrix
(ACM) formalism is explored. This proves of limited use; it is shown that
matrix algebra is simply not a sufficiently flexible tool for the job. To
overcome these limitations, a more general formalism based on tensors and the
Einstein notation is proposed and explored both theoretically, and with a view
to practical implementations. The tensor formalism elegantly yields generalized
RIMEs describing beamforming, mutual coupling, and wide-field polarimetry in
one equation. It is shown that under the explicated assumptions, tensor
equations reduce to the 2x2 RIME. From a practical point of view, some methods
for implementing tensor equations in an optimal way are proposed and analysed.
The tensor RIME is a powerful means of describing observational scenarios not
amenable to the matrix RIME. Even in cases where the latter remains applicable,
the tensor formalism can be a valuable tool for understanding the limits of
such applicability.Comment: 16 pages, no figures, accepted by A&
Constant of step-by-step ionization of atoms
Constant of step by step ionization of atomic gase
Evaluating single-scale and/or non-planar diagrams by differential equations
We apply a recently suggested new strategy to solve differential equations
for Feynman integrals. We develop this method further by analyzing asymptotic
expansions of the integrals. We argue that this allows the systematic
application of the differential equations to single-scale Feynman integrals.
Moreover, the information about singular limits significantly simplifies
finding boundary constants for the differential equations. To illustrate these
points we consider two families of three-loop integrals. The first are
form-factor integrals with two external legs on the light cone. We introduce
one more scale by taking one more leg off-shell, . We analytically
solve the differential equations for the master integrals in a Laurent
expansion in dimensional regularization with . Then we show
how to obtain analytic results for the corresponding one-scale integrals in an
algebraic way. An essential ingredient of our method is to match solutions of
the differential equations in the limit of small to our results at
and to identify various terms in these solutions according to
expansion by regions. The second family consists of four-point non-planar
integrals with all four legs on the light cone. We evaluate, by differential
equations, all the master integrals for the so-called graph consisting of
four external vertices which are connected with each other by six lines. We
show how the boundary constants can be fixed with the help of the knowledge of
the singular limits. We present results in terms of harmonic polylogarithms for
the corresponding seven master integrals with six propagators in a Laurent
expansion in up to weight six.Comment: 27 pages, 2 figure
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