Bond length of perchlorate at different temperatures: X-ray and neutron comparison.

The averages (average deviations from the mean are given in square brackets) of uncorrected Cl-O bond distances in a perchlorate anion from an X-ray diffraction analysis of (N-{2-[bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino]ethyl}pyridine-2-carboxamidato)(nitric oxide)manganese perchlorate acetonitrile disolvate, [Mn(C20H20N5O)(NO)]ClO4·2CH3CN or [Mn(PaPy3)(NO)]ClO4·2CH3CN, decrease from 1.447 [4] Å at 10 K to 1.428 [4] Å at 170 K. The 10 K value is close to the neutron value (1.441 [1] Å) at 18 K. Comparisons are made with a second X-ray study at 30 K [1.444 (8) Å] and to libration-corrected, density functional theory (DFT), and Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) values

Bis(9-amino-acridinium) bis-(pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl-ato-κO,N,O)nickelate(II) trihydrate.

The title compound, (C(13)H(11)N(2))(2)[Ni(C(7)H(3)NO(4))(2)]·3H(2)O, consists of a mononuclear anionic complex, two 9-amino-acridinium cations and three uncoordinated water mol-ecules. Two pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl-ate (pydc) ligands are bound to the Ni(II) ion, giving an NiN(2)O(4) bonded set. The coordination geometry around the Ni(II) atom is distorted octa-hedral. There are two types of robust O-H⋯O hydrogen-bond synthons, namely R(6) (6)(24) and R(2) (4)(8), which link the complex anions and water mol-ecules to each other. N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds connect the stacks of anions and cations in the structure. Other inter-molecular inter-actions, including weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, π-π [shortest centroid-centroid distance = 3.336 (7) Å] and C-O⋯π [O⋯centroid distance = 3.562 (10) Å] inter-actions, connect the various components

A temperature-dependent phase transformation of (E)-2-[(4-chloro-phen-yl)imino]-ace-naphthylen-1-one.

The crystal structure determination based on 90 K data of the title imine ligand, C18H10ClNO, revealed non-merohedral twinning with three twin domains. In our experience, this is an indication of an ordering phase transition. Consequently, the structure was redetermined with higher temperature data, and a reversible phase transition was discovered. The higher temperature phase is indeed an ordered structure. At the higher temperature, the 4-chloro-phenyl group has rotated by ca 7° into a crystallographic mirror plane. Warming the crystal from 90 K to 250 K changes the space group from triclinic P-1, to monoclinic P21/m. Diverse non-classical inter-actions are present in the crystal packing, and these are described for the phase change reported in this work. The crystal structure of the title imine ligand, measured at 100 K, has been reported on previously [Kovach et al. (2011 ▸). J. Mol. Struct.992, 33-38]

Comparing Price and Non-price Approaches to Urban Water Conservation

Urban water conservation is typically achieved through prescriptive regulations, including the rationing of water for particular uses and requirements for the installation of particular technologies. A significant shift has occurred in pollution control regulations toward market-based policies in recent decades. We offer an analysis of the relative merits of market-based and prescriptive approaches to water conservation, where prices have rarely been used to allocate scarce supplies. The analysis emphasizes the emerging theoretical and empirical evidence that using prices to manage water demand is more cost-effective than implementing non-price conservation programs, similar to results for pollution control in earlier decades. Price-based approaches also have advantages in terms of monitoring and enforcement. In terms of predictability and equity, neither policy instrument has an inherent advantage over the other. As in any policy context, political considerations are important.Cost-effectiveness, Water Conservation, Market-based Approaches, Policy Instrument Choice, Water Price

Three Key Elements of Post-2012 International Climate Policy Architecture

We describe three essential elements of an effective post-2012 international global climate policy architecture: a means to ensure that key industrialized and developing nations are involved in differentiated but meaningful ways; an emphasis on an extended time path of targets; and inclusion of flexible market-based policy instruments to keep costs down and facilitate international equity. This architecture is consistent with fundamental aspects of the science, economics, and politics of global climate change; addresses specific shortcomings of the Kyoto Protocol; and builds upon the foundation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.global climate change, global warming, policy architecture, Kyoto Protocol

Three Key Elements of Post-2012 International Climate Policy Architecture

We describe three essential elements of an effective post-2012 international global climate policy architecture: a means to ensure that key industrialized and developing nations are involved in differentiated but meaningful ways; an emphasis on an extended time path of targets; and inclusion of flexible market-based policy instruments to keep costs down and facilitate international equity. This architecture is consistent with fundamental aspects of the science, economics, and politics of global climate change; addresses specific shortcomings of the Kyoto Protocol; and builds upon the foundation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.Global Climate Change, Global Warming, Policy Architecture, Kyoto Protocol

An Expanded Three-Part Architecture for Post-2012 International Climate Policy

We describe the major features of a post-2012 international global climate policy architecture with three essential elements: a means to ensure that key industrialized and developing nations are involved in differentiated but meaningful ways; an emphasis on an extended time path of targets; and inclusion of flexible market-based policy instruments to keep costs down and facilitate international equity. This architecture is consistent with fundamental aspects of the science, economics, and politics of global climate change; addresses specific shortcomings of the Kyoto Protocol; and builds upon the foundation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

The Value of Scarce Water: Measuring the Inefficiency of Municipal Regulations

Rather than allowing water prices to reflect scarcity rents during periods of drought-induced excess demand, policy makers have mandated command-and-control approaches, like the curtailment of certain uses, primarily outdoor watering. Using unique panel data on residential end-uses of water, we examine the welfare implications of typical drought policies. Using price variation across and within markets, we identify end-use specific price elasticities. Our results suggest that current policies target water uses that households, themselves, are most willing to forgo. Nevertheless, we find that use restrictions have costly welfare implications, primarily due to household heterogeneity in willingness-to-pay for scarce water.

The Value of Scarce Water: Measuring the Inefficiency of Municipal Regulations

Rather than allowing water prices to reflect scarcity rents during periods of drought-induced excess demand, policy makers have mandated command-and-control approaches, like the curtailment of certain uses, primarily outdoor watering. Using unique panel data on residential end-uses of water, we examine the welfare implications of typical drought policies. Using price variation across and within markets, we identify end-use specific price elasticities. Our results suggest that current policies target water uses that households, themselves, are most willing to forgo. Nevertheless, we find that use restrictions have costly welfare implications, primarily due to household heterogeneity in willingness-to-pay for scarce water.

Comparing Price and Non-price Approaches to Urban Water Conservation

Urban water conservation is typically achieved through prescriptive regulations, including the rationing of water for particular uses and requirements for the installation of particular technologies. A significant shift has occurred in pollution control regulations toward market-based policies in recent decades. We offer an analysis of the relative merits of marketbased and prescriptive approaches to water conservation, where prices have rarely been used to allocate scarce supplies. The analysis emphasizes the emerging theoretical and empirical evidence that using prices to manage water demand is more cost-effective than implementing non-price conservation programs, similar to results for pollution control in earlier decades. Price-based approaches also have advantages in terms of monitoring and enforcement. In terms of predictability and equity, neither policy instrument has an inherent advantage over the other. As in any policy context, political considerations are important.cost-effectiveness, water conservation, market-based approaches, policy instrument choice, water price