A low-frequency radio survey of the planets with RAE-2

Over one thousand occultations of each planet in the solar system have occurred during the period from mid-1973 through mid-1976 as seen from the lunar orbiting Radio Astronomy Explorer-2 (RAE-2) spacecraft. These occultations have been examined for evidence of planetary radio emissions in the 0.025 to 13.1 MHz band. Only Jupiter and the earth have given positive results. Lack of detection of emission from the other planets can mean that either they do not emit radio noise in this band or the flux level of their emissions and/or its occurrence rate are too low to be detected by RAE-2

Solution of Einstein’s Causality Problem: The AHK Theorem

'Chance' is defined as an event on the time scale withour any cause before it appears. That means, that cause and effect is identical. This is the only way to integrate chance into a consistent theory of causality. The identity of cause and effect is called AHK theorem (Aristotle-Hegel-Kaiser)

The solar elogation distribution of low frequency radio bursts

Over 500 days of low frequency (less than 5 MHz) radio observations from the IMP-6 spacecraft were accumulated to produce a two dimensional map (frequency versus elongation) of solar type III burst occurrences. This map indicates that most solar bursts are emitted at the second harmonic of the plasma frequency rather than the fundamental. The map also shows that the solar wind electron density varies

MARKET IMPACTS OF BOVINE SOMATROPIN: A SUPPLY AND DEMAND ANALYSIS

The potential economic impacts of the introduction of bovine somatotropin (bST) on U.S. milk supply and demand are analyzed using a national model of Class I and Class II milk markets. The results indicate that the introduction of bST will lead to lower milk prices, higher milk production, and larger government purchases of dairy products. Unlike previous economic analyses of bST, this analysis considers both supply and demand effects of bST. The implication is that studies that ignore potential demand-side effects may produce misleading results.Demand and Price Analysis,

AN ANNOTATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RESEARCH ON THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE

Anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and other "greenhouse" gases have the potential to substantially warm climates worldwide. While the timing and magnitude of global warming is uncertain, scientists on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that average global temperature may increase by 1.5- 4.5³C (2.7-8.1³F) over the next 100 years. Changes in precipitation will likely accompany any changes in temperature. However, the magnitude, and even direction of these changes is difficult to predict with much confidence on a regional basis. The agricultural sector may be profoundly affected by future changes in temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and carbon dioxide concentrations. Over the past decade, there has been a growing body of research examining the potential impacts of climate change on agriculture. The purpose of this paper is to report and summarize recent research on the potential economic impacts of global climate change on agriculture. To that end, an annotative bibliography of articles is presented in this paper.Environmental Economics and Policy,

EDUCATIONAL FINANCE IN MINNESOTA: AN EXAMINATION OF THE FOUNDATION AID PROGRAM

Public Economics,

Evidence for an Io plasma torus influence on high-latitude Jovian radio emission

We report the discovery with the Ulysses unified radio and plasma wave (URAP) instrument of features in the Jovian hectometer (HOM) wavelength radio emission spectrum which recur with a period about 2–4% longer than the Jovian System III rotation period. We conclude that the auroral HOM emissions are periodically blocked from “view” by regions in the torus of higher than average density and that these regions rotate more slowly than System III and persist for considerable intervals of time. We have reexamined the Voyager planetary radio astronomy (PRA) data taken during the flybys in 1979 and have found similar features in the HOM spectrum. Contemporaneous observations by Brown (1994) show an [SII] emission line enhancement in the Io plasma torus that rotates more slowly than System III by the same amount as the HOM feature

A radiometric Bode's Law: Predictions for Uranus

The magnetospheres of three planets, Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn, are known to be sources of intense, nonthermal radio bursts. The emissions from these sources undergo pronounced long term intensity fluctuations that are caused by the solar wind interaction with the magnetosphere of each planet. Determinations by spacecraft of the low frequency radio spectra and radiation beam geometry now permit a reliable assessment of the overall efficiency of the solar wind in stimulating these emissions. Earlier estimates of how magnetospheric radio output scales with the solar wind energy input must be revised greatly, with the result that, while the efficiency is much lower than previously thought, it is remarkably uniform from planet to planet. The formulation of a radiometric Bode's Law from which a planet's magnetic moment is estimated from its radio emission output is presented. Applying the radiometric scaling law to Uranus, the low-frequency radio power is likely to be measured by the Voyager 2 spacecraft as it approaches this planet

Dominant 2πγ2\pi\gamma-exchange nucleon-nucleon interaction: Spin-spin and tensor potentials

We calculate at two-loop order in chiral perturbation theory the electromagnetic corrections to the two-pion exchange nucleon-nucleon interaction that is generated by the isovector spin-flip $\pi\pi NN$ contact-vertex proportional to the large low-energy constant $c_4\simeq 3.4$GeV$^{-1}$. We find that the respective $2\pi\gamma$-exchange potentials contain sizeable isospin-breaking components which reach up to -4% of corresponding isovector $2\pi$-exchange potentials. The typical values of these novel charge-independence breaking spin-spin and tensor potentials are $-0.11$MeV and $0.09$MeV, at a nucleon distance of $r=m_\pi^{-1}=1.4$fm. The charge-symmetry breaking spin-spin and tensor potentials come out a factor of 2.4 smaller. Our analytical results for these presumably dominant isospin-violating spin-spin and tensor NN-forces are in a form such that they can be easily implemented into phase-shift analyses and few-body calculations.Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure, 2 tables, to be published in Physical Review C: Brief report

Narrow-band Jovian Kilometric Radiation: a New Radio Component

A new component of Jupiter's radio spectrum is investigated. The component emits in a very narrow bandwidth (less than or equal to 40 kHz) near 100 kHz. Its waveform is a very smooth and gradual rise and subsequent fall in intensity, usually over two hours. The emission is polarized with left hand polarization associated with the Jovian northern magnetic hemisphere and right hand with the south. The emissions deviation from a strict system 3 rotation period repetition rate is examined. The emission source of the narrow band component which rotates 3 to 5 percent slower than all other forms of Jovian radio emission is determined from propagation considerations, coupled with the observed lack of corotation, to a source region near the equatorial plane at the outer edge of the Io plasma torus. The narrow band KOM (nKOM) form is examined using observations from the PRA instrument. The spectrum and occurrence statistics are described and contrasted with the tapered or broadband KOM (bKOM) characteristics