Waveguide-based single-pixel up-conversion infrared spectrometer

A periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguide-based single-pixel up-conversion infrared spectrometer was demonstrated. Sum-frequency generation between a 1.5 micrometer band scanning pump laser and a 1.3 micrometer band signal generated visible radiation which was detected by a silicon single-photon detector. The noise equivalent power of the upconversion spectrometer was two-orders-of-magnitude lower than that of a commercial optical spectrum analyzer.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

100 km secure differential phase shift quantum key distribution with low jitter up-conversion detectors

We present a quantum key distribution experiment in which keys that were secure against all individual eavesdropping attacks allowed by quantum mechanics were distributed over 100 km of optical fiber. We implemented the differential phase shift quantum key distribution protocol and used low timing jitter 1.55 um single-photon detectors based on frequency up-conversion in periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides and silicon avalanche photodiodes. Based on the security analysis of the protocol against general individual attacks, we generated secure keys at a practical rate of 166 bit/s over 100 km of fiber. The use of the low jitter detectors also increased the sifted key generation rate to 2 Mbit/s over 10 km of fiber.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figure

Magneto-optical signatures of a cascade of transitions in La2−x_2-xBax_xCuO4_4

Recent experiments in the original cuprate high temperature superconductor, La$_2-x$Ba$_x$CuO$_4$, have revealed a remarkable sequence of transitions [1]. Here we investigate such crystals with Kerr effect which is sensitive to time-reversal-symmetry breaking (TRSB). Concurrent birefringence measurements accurately locate the structural phase transitions from high-temperature tetragonal to low temperature orthorhombic, and then to lower temperature tetragonal, at which temperature a strong Kerr signal onsets. Hysteretic behavior of the Kerr signal suggests that TRSB occurs well above room temperature, an effect that was previously observed in high quality YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{6+x} crystals [2].Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Measurement of Birefringence of Low-Loss, High-Reflectance Coating of M-Axis Sapphire

The birefringence of a low-loss, high-reflectance coating applied to an 8-cm-diameter sapphire crystal grown in the m-axis direction has been mapped. By monitoring the transmission of a high-finesse Fabry-Perot cavity as a function of the polarization of the input light, we find an upper limit for the magnitude of the birefringence of 2.5 x 10^-4 rad and an upper limit in the variation in direction of the birefringence of 10 deg. These values are sufficiently small to allow consideration of m-axis sapphire as a substrate material for the optics of the advanced detector at the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory

High Resolution Polar Kerr Effect Measurements of Sr2RuO4: Evidence for Broken Time Reversal Symmetry in the Superconducting State

Polar Kerr effect in the spin-triplet superconductor Sr2RuO4 was measured with high precision using a Sagnac interferometer with a zero-area Sagnac loop. We observed non-zero Kerr rotations as big as 65 nanorad appearing below Tc in large domains. Our results imply a broken time reversal symmetry state in the superconducting state of Sr2RuO4, similar to He3-A

Model of Thermal Wavefront Distortion in Interferometric Gravitational-Wave Detectors I: Thermal Focusing

We develop a steady-state analytical and numerical model of the optical response of power-recycled Fabry-Perot Michelson laser gravitational-wave detectors to thermal focusing in optical substrates. We assume that the thermal distortions are small enough that we can represent the unperturbed intracavity field anywhere in the detector as a linear combination of basis functions related to the eigenmodes of one of the Fabry-Perot arm cavities, and we take great care to preserve numerically the nearly ideal longitudinal phase resonance conditions that would otherwise be provided by an external servo-locking control system. We have included the effects of nonlinear thermal focusing due to power absorption in both the substrates and coatings of the mirrors and beamsplitter, the effects of a finite mismatch between the curvatures of the laser wavefront and the mirror surface, and the diffraction by the mirror aperture at each instance of reflection and transmission. We demonstrate a detailed numerical example of this model using the MATLAB program Melody for the initial LIGO detector in the Hermite-Gauss basis, and compare the resulting computations of intracavity fields in two special cases with those of a fast Fourier transform field propagation model. Additional systematic perturbations (e.g., mirror tilt, thermoelastic surface deformations, and other optical imperfections) can be included easily by incorporating the appropriate operators into the transfer matrices describing reflection and transmission for the mirrors and beamsplitter.Comment: 24 pages, 22 figures. Submitted to JOSA

Upconversion of optical signals with multi-longitudinal-mode pump lasers

Multi-longitudinal-mode lasers have been believed to be good candidates as pump sources for optical frequency conversion. However, we present a semi-classical model for frequency conversion of optical signals with a multimode pump laser, which shows that fluctuations of the instantaneous pump power limit the conversion efficiency. In an experiment, we upconverted a 1550 nm optical signal in a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide using with a multi-longitudinal-mode laser, an observed a maximum conversion efficiency of 70%, in good agreement with our theoretical model. Compared to single-mode pumping, multimode pumping is not a suitable technique for attaining stable near-unity-efficiency frequency conversion. However, the results obtained here could find application in characterization of the spectral or temporal structure of multi-longitudinal-mode lasers.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, comments are welcome