The spanish influenza pandemic: a lesson from history 100 years after 1918

In Europe in 1918, influenza spread through Spain, France, Great Britain and Italy, causing havoc with military operations during the First World War. The influenza pandemic of 1918 killed more than 50 million people worldwide. In addition, its socioeconomic consequences were huge. "Spanish flu", as the infection was dubbed, hit different agegroups, displaying a so-called "W-trend", typically with two spikes in children and the elderly. However, healthy young adults were also affected. In order to avoid alarming the public, several local health authorities refused to reveal the numbers of people affected and deaths. Consequently, it was very difficult to assess the impact of the disease at the time. Although official communications issued by health authorities worldwide expressed certainty about the etiology of the infection, in laboratories it was not always possible to isolate the famous Pfeiffer's bacillus, which was, at that time, deemed to be the cause of influenza. The first official preventive actions were implemented in August 1918; these included the obligatory notification of suspected cases and the surveillance of communities such as day-schools, boarding schools and barracks. Identifying suspected cases through surveillance, and voluntary and/or mandatory quarantine or isolation, enabled the spread of Spanish flu to be curbed. At that time, these public health measures were the only effective weapons against the disease, as no vaccines or antivirals were available. Virological and bacteriological analysis of preserved samples from infected soldiers and other young people who died during the pandemic period is a major step toward a better understanding of this pandemic and of how to prepare for future pandemics

Pain modulation by illusory body rotation: A new way to disclose the interaction between the vestibular system and pain processing

Background Clinical and experimental evidence advocates a structural and functional link between the vestibular and other sensory systems. For instance, visuo‐vestibular and vestibular–somatosensory interactions have been widely reported. However, whether visual inputs carrying vestibular information can modulate pain is not yet clear. Recent evidence using natural vestibular stimulation or moving visual stimuli, points at an unspecific effect of distraction. Methods By using immersive virtual reality (VR), we created a new way to prompt the vestibular system through the vision of static visual cues, studying the possible interaction with pain. Twenty‐four healthy participants were visually immersed in a virtual room which could appear with five different degrees of rotation in the sagittal axis, either towards the right, left or with no rotation. Participants' heat pain thresholds and subjective reports of perceived body rotation, sense of presence and attention were measured. Results ‘Being’ in a tilted room induced the sensation of body rotation in our participants, even though they were always in an upright position. We also found that rotating the visual scenario can modulate the participants' pain thresholds, determining a significant increase when a left tilt is displayed. In addition, a positive correlation between the perceived body midline rotation and pain threshold was found when the virtual room was titled 15 degrees toward the left. Importantly, all VR conditions were found to be equally distractive. Conclusions Vestibular information present in static visual cues can modulate experimentally‐induced acute pain according to a side‐dependent manner and bypassing supramodal attentional mechanisms. These findings may help refining pain management approaches based on multimodal stimulation. Significance This study explored how the visualization of static environments in immersive virtual reality can lead to pain threshold modulation through the activation of the vestibular system. Immersion into rotated virtual environments led to the illusory sensation of body rotation, and this sensation was found to be related with a modulation of pain perception. Possible analgesic effects due to distraction could be ruled out. These results expand our current knowledge about how the visual, vestibular and somatosensory (pain) systems interact. These findings may influence future pain treatment strategies based on multisensory stimulation

Hubungan Faktor Host (Umur 6 Bulan-14 Tahun) dan Keberadaan Vektor dengan Kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kedungmundu Semarang Relationship Of Host Factors (Ages 6 Months - 14 Years) And Existence Vector With Dengue Hemorrhagic

Semarang city is endemic regions, with the highest incidence rate in the District Tembalang in 2014 (IR = 110.55 for 100.000 in population). Case of DHF in Kedungmundu Primary Health Service was just happen 2014 which amount 154 cases with 86% of cases in the age group of 6 months-14 years. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of host factors (age 6 months-14 years) and the existence of the vector with the incidence of DHF in Kedungmundu Primary Health Service Semarang. This type of research was quantitative with a case control approach. Total sample was 104 samples. Analysis of data using chi-square test. The results of this research showed that there were association using mosquito repellent (p=0.003), history of DHF illness (p=0.008), and the existence of larva (p=0.0001) with incidence of DHF. Meanwhile, there were no relationship habit of sleeping morning/noon (p=0.430), habit of sleeping afternoon (p=0.691), habit of hanging clothes (p=0.316), using of mosquito nets (p=0.339), and nutritional status (p=0.150) with incidence of DHF. It was advisable for the community to increase efforts to improve activities mosquito nest eradication (PSN), and for Kedungmundu Primary Health Service to increase efforts to control DHF, for example regular larva monitoring and thorough

Efek Antifeedant Umpan Blok Singkong (Manihot Esculenta) terhadap Perubahan Bobot Badan Tikus Putih (Mus Musculus L.)

Background: Rodent-borne disease control relies on reservoir control is rodent animals. Controlling techniques are urgent to do, such as biopesticide use. The use of biopesticide should be developed to reduce the negative impact of chemical rodenticides. Manihot esculenta have cyanogenic glycosides with antifeedant effects. The potential of biopesticide used for pest management.Methods: Block bait consumption of cassava (Manihot esculenta) on body weight of Mus musculus L. was carried out an experimental rat. The objective of the test was to observe the direct effect of cassava block bait on mice. The animal model was divided into six treatment groups (5.75%; 11.5%; 23%; 46%; 92%; 184%) with control. Each treatment group was repeated 5 times. Treatment was given during the 14 days orally. The parameters that were obtained are feed consumption and body weight.Result: This experiment showed that there was a difference in feed consumption and on body weight mice in all animal model groups.Conclusion: It concluded that block bait of cassava (Manihot esculenta) in different concentrations has an antifeedant effect, causing alteration on feed consumed and body weight of Mus musculus L

Gambaran Total Angka Bakteri pada Susu Sapi Segar di Kud Kecamatan DAU Kabupaten Malang

Total number of bacteria in the sub-district Dauwas 2,2-3,6x106CFU/ml with 13,7% prevalence of diarrhea. The qualityof fresh milk is characterized by the total number of bacteria in accordance with SNI ≤1x106CFU/ml. The purpose of this study is to describetotal number of bacteria on fresh cow\u27s milk on the KUD. This study was observational using cross sectional design. Respondents accounted for 36 officers and the observed sample is fresh milk in KUD. Data analyzed using distribution frequency. The results showed an average total number of bacteria fresh milkat the KUD is 5,8x107CFU/ml.The total number of bacteria that not accordance with SNI is 80,6% on poor hygiene respondents (73,7%), poor hygiene vehicles (85,0%), and the length of milk\u27s distribution time >2 hours (80,0%). Distribution officersshould give more attention to cleanliness of vehicles used for such distribution laundering vehicles before distribution