3,274 research outputs found
Chemical analysis by X-ray spectroscopy near phase transitions in the solid state
The methods discussed in this work show that the types of changes which may be observed, by precise XAS measurements of Absorbance A versus temperature, across a phase transition are: the changes in the relaxation time of the final states due to fluctuations near a phase transition; the detection of the anomalous Bragg condition coupled to phonon modes XAS enhancement that identifies the temperature interval where the phonon modes are active, the symmetry changes which introduce new allowed transitions to finite states below an element edge, near Tc indicate what symmetry changes occur, and the method of XTDAFST0 = XAFS(T) - XAFS(T0), allows the precise measurement of the progressive changes in the Debye-Waller factor versus T near a phase transition, and identify (when no other structural changes occur, except in the vibrational modes of a specific bond) the bond responsible for the transition. The methods have been applied to the superconducting transition in layer cuprates and the metal to insulator transition in NiS2-xSex
Characterization of nanometer-sized, mechanically exfoliated graphene on the H-passivated Si(100) surface using scanning tunnelling microscopy
We have developed a method for depositing graphene monolayers and bilayers
with minimum lateral dimensions of 2-10 nm by the mechanical exfoliation of
graphite onto the Si(100)-2x1:H surface. Room temperature, ultra-high vacuum
(UHV) tunnelling spectroscopy measurements of nanometer-sized single-layer
graphene reveal a size dependent energy gap ranging from 0.1-1 eV. Furthermore,
the number of graphene layers can be directly determined from scanning
tunnelling microscopy (STM) topographic contours. This atomistic study provides
an experimental basis for probing the electronic structure of nanometer-sized
graphene which can assist the development of graphene-based nanoelectronics.Comment: Accepted for publication in Nanotechnolog
Verwey transition in FeO at high pressure: quantum critical behavior at the onset of metallization
We provide evidence for the existence of a {\em quantum critical point} at
the metallization of magnetite FeO at an applied pressure of GPa. We show that the present ac magnetic susceptibility data
support earlier resistivity data. The Verwey temperature scales with pressure
, with . The resistivity data shows a
temperature dependence , with above and
2.5 at the critical pressure, respectively. This difference in with
pressure is a sign of critical behavior at . The magnetic susceptibility
is smooth near the critical pressure, both at the Verwey transition and near
the ferroelectric anomaly. A comparison with the critical behavior observed in
the Mott-Hubbard and related systems is made.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure
Origin of atomic clusters during ion sputtering
Previous studies have shown that the size distributions of small clusters ( n<=40 n = number of atoms/cluster) generated by sputtering obey an inverse power law with an exponent between -8 and -4. Here we report electron microscopy studies of the size distributions of larger clusters ( n>=500) sputtered by high-energy ion impacts. These new measurements also yield an inverse power law, but one with an exponent of -2 and one independent of sputtering yield, indicating that the large clusters are produced when shock waves, generated by subsurface displacement cascades, ablate the surface
Putting coastal communities at the center of a sustainable blue economy: A review of risks, opportunities, and strategies
This is the final version. Available from Frontiers Media via the DOI in this record. New approaches to ocean governance for coastal communities are needed. With few exceptions, the status quo does not meet the diverse development aspirations of coastal communities or ensure healthy oceans for current and future generations. The blue economy is expected to grow to USD2.5–3 trillion by 2030, and there is particular interest in its potential to alleviate poverty in Least Developed Countries and Small Island Developing States, and to support a blue recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper presents a selective, thematic review of the blue economy literature to examine: (i) the opportunities and risks for coastal communities, (ii) the barriers and enablers that shape community engagement, and (iii) the strategies employed by communities and supporting organizations, which can be strengthened to deliver a ‘sustainable' blue economy and improve social justice for coastal communities. Our review finds that under business-as-usual and blue growth, industrial fisheries, large-scale aquaculture, land reclamation, mining, and oil and gas raise red flags for communities and marine ecosystems. Whereas, if managed sustainably, small-scale fisheries, coastal aquaculture, seaweed farming and eco-tourism are the most likely to deliver benefits to communities. Yet, these are also the sectors most vulnerable to negative and cumulative impacts from other sectors. Based on our evaluation of enablers, barriers and strategies, the paper argues that putting coastal communities at the center of a clear vision for an inclusive Sustainable Blue Economy and co-developing a shared and accessible language for communities, practitioners and policy-makers is essential for a more equitable ocean economy, alongside mainstreaming social justice principles and integrated governance that can bridge different scales of action and opportunity.WW
Error Rate of the Kane Quantum Computer CNOT Gate in the Presence of Dephasing
We study the error rate of CNOT operations in the Kane solid state quantum
computer architecture. A spin Hamiltonian is used to describe the system.
Dephasing is included as exponential decay of the off diagonal elements of the
system's density matrix. Using available spin echo decay data, the CNOT error
rate is estimated at approsimately 10^{-3}.Comment: New version includes substantial additional data and merges two old
figures into one. (12 pages, 6 figures
Optical Conductivity in Mott-Hubbard Systems
We study the transfer of spectral weight in the optical spectra of a strongly
correlated electron system as a function of temperature and interaction
strength. Within a dynamical mean field theory of the Hubbard model that
becomes exact in the limit of large lattice coordination, we predict an
anomalous enhancement of spectral weight as a function of temperature in the
correlated metallic state and report on experimental measurements which agree
with this prediction in . We argue that the optical conductivity
anomalies in the metal are connected to the proximity to a crossover region in
the phase diagram of the model.Comment: 12 pages and 4 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev. Lett., v 75, p 105
(1995
Metal-insulator transition in a doubly orbitally degenerate model with correlated hopping
In the present paper we propose a doubly orbitally degenerate narrow-band
model with correlated hopping. The peculiarity of the model is taking into
account the matrix element of electron-electron interaction which describes
intersite hoppings of electrons. In particular, this leads to the concentration
dependence of the effective hopping integral. The cases of the strong and weak
Hund's coupling are considered. By means of a generalized mean-field
approximation the single-particle Green function and quasiparticle energy
spectrum are calculated. Metal-insulator transition is studied in the model at
different integer values of the electron concentration. With the help of the
obtained energy spectrum we find energy gap width and criteria of
metal-insulator transition.Comment: minor revisions, published in Phys. Rev.
Like-charge attraction through hydrodynamic interaction
We demonstrate that the attractive interaction measured between like-charged
colloidal spheres near a wall can be accounted for by a nonequilibrium
hydrodynamic effect. We present both analytical results and Brownian dynamics
simulations which quantitatively capture the one-wall experiments of Larsen and
Grier (Nature 385, p. 230, 1997).Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure
Hydration interactions: aqueous solvent effects in electric double layers
A model for ionic solutions with an attractive short-range pair interaction
between the ions is presented. The short-range interaction is accounted for by
adding a quadratic non-local term to the Poisson-Boltzmann free energy. The
model is used to study solvent effects in a planar electric double layer. The
counter-ion density is found to increase near the charged surface, as compared
with the Poisson-Boltzmann theory, and to decrease at larger distances. The ion
density profile is studied analytically in the case where the ion distribution
near the plate is dominated only by counter-ions. Further away from the plate
the density distribution can be described using a Poisson-Boltzmann theory with
an effective surface charge that is smaller than the actual one.Comment: 11 Figures in 13 files + LaTex file. 20 pages. Accepted to Phys. Rev.
E. Corrected typos and reference
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