General Approach to the Quantum Kicked Particle in a Magnetic Field: Quantum-Antiresonance Transition

The quantum kicked particle in a magnetic field is studied in a weak-chaos regime under realistic conditions, i.e., for {\em general} values of the conserved coordinate $x_{{\rm c}}$ of the cyclotron orbit center. The system exhibits spectral structures [``Hofstadter butterflies'' (HBs)] and quantum diffusion depending sensitively on $x_{{\rm c}}$. Most significant changes take place when $x_{{\rm c}}$ approaches the value at which quantum antiresonance (exactly periodic recurrences) can occur: the HB essentially ``doubles'' and the quantum-diffusion coefficient $D(x_{{\rm c}})$ is strongly reduced. An explanation of these phenomena, including an approximate formula for $D(x_{{\rm c}})$ in a class of wave packets, is given on the basis of an effective Hamiltonian which is derived as a power expansion in a small parameter. The global quantum diffusion of a two-dimensional wave packet for all $x_{{\rm c}}$ is briefly considered.Comment: Revised Version, publishe

Развитие методологии комплексного анализа эффективности государственной финансовоинвестиционной модели социального обеспечения населения на примере региональных финансов России

The effectiveness of financing the social security system is one of the key conditions for sustaining sustainable economic growth. The global economic crisis of 2020 associated with the coronavirus pandemic, and the subsequent crisis of 2022, due to the urgent need to carry out a structural transformation of the Russian economy in the context of large-scale international sanctions, emphasized the relevance of the problem of increasing the efficiency of budget expenditures on social policy. The purpose of the study is to develop methodological approaches to the comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of the State financial and investment model of social security of the population (further — SFIMSS) using the example of data on the socio-economic development of the regions of Russia. The following methods were used: coefficient analysis, ranking, construction of heat maps and regression analysis. The coefficient of efficiency of budget expenditures at the regional level makes it possible to have fairly comprehensive assessments of the regions. The application of the regression analysis methodology makes it possible to expand its effectiveness and identify important dependencies and relationships on the basis of which it is able to establish the policy of state financial regulation. This study evaluated the effectiveness of 85 regions for the period from 2017 to 2021. The most and least effective regions were identified. The construction and interpretation of the regression model made it possible to identify a number of significant exogenous factors such as GRP, GRP per capita, volume indices of GRP, that positively impact the effectiveness of SFIMSS. At the same time, the public debt on loans in rubles, the volume of budget expenditures on social support measures for certain categories, and the proportion of the population older and younger than working age have a negative impact. In the article, recommendations are given on the development of mechanisms for increasing the efficiency and targeting of budget expenditures, as well as the creation of conditions to accelerate economic growth in regions, which will increase the effectiveness of SFIMSS.Эффективность финансирования системы социального обеспечения является одним из ключевых условий устойчивого экономического роста. Глобальный экономический кризис 2020 г., связанный с пандемией коронавируса, и следующий за ним кризис 2022 г., обусловленный срочной необходимостью проводить структурную трансформацию российской экономики в условиях масштабных международных санкций, подчеркнули актуальность проблемы повышения эффективности бюджетных расходов на социальную политику. Целью исследования является развитие методологических подходов к проведению комплексного анализа эффективности государственной финансово-инвестиционной модели социального обеспечения населения (ГФИМСОН) на примере данных социально-экономического развития регионов России. Использованы методы: коэффициентного анализа, ранжирования, построения тепловых карт и регрессионного анализа. Коэффициент эффективности бюджетных расходов на региональном уровне позволяет дать достаточно исчерпывающие оценки регионов. Применение методологии регрессионного анализа дает возможность расширить его результативность и выявить важные зависимости и взаимосвязи, на основе которых можно проводить обоснование политики государственного финансового регулирования. Проведена оценка эффективности 85 регионов за период с 2017 по 2021 г. Выявлены наиболее и наименее эффективные регионы. Построение и интерпретация регрессионной модели позволили обосновать, что такие факторы, как размер ВРП, ВРП на душу населения, индекс физического объема ВРП, положительно влияют на эффективность ГФИМСОН. А задолженность населения по кредитам в рублях, объем бюджетных расходов на меры социальной поддержки отдельных категорий граждан, доля населения старше и моложе трудоспособного возраста оказывают отрицательное влияние. Даны рекомендации по развитию механизмов повышения эффективности проверки нуждаемости и обеспечения адресности бюджетных расходов, а также созданию условий для ускорения экономического роста в регионах, что позволит повысить эффективность ГФИМСОН

Spontaneous symmetry breaking for long-wave gravitons in the early Universe

It is shown that nonlinear terms in equations of gravitons on the background of curved space-time of the expanding Universe can solve the problem of the negative square of the effective mass formally arising in linear approximation for gravitons. Similar to well known spontaneous breaking of symmetry in Goldstone model one must take another vacuum so that nonzero vacuum expectation value of the quantized graviton field leads to change of spectrum for gravitons. There appears two graviton fields, one with the positive mass, another with the zero mass. Energy density and the density of particles created by gravitation of the expanding Universe are calculated for some special cases of the scale factor. Numerical results are obtained for the dust universe case.Comment: 13 page

Assessing the impact of personal income tax reforms on the income inequality dynamics in Russia in the 21st century

The problem of regulating economic inequality to ensure social justice in society in the context of accelerating economic growth is of constant and obvious relevance. However, this problem does not have universal solutions due to significant country differences and the peculiarities of the social contract in a particular country. The purpose of this study is to analyse and assess the impact of reforms in the system of taxation of personal income on the dynamics of income inequality of Russian households. Dismantling the progressive personal income tax rate did not lead to a significant increase in income inequality in Russia, but the problem of excessive property inequality persisted until the beginning of 2022. The passive policy of regulating economic inequality unexpectedly yielded results in 2022. We expect, that after illegal confiscations and freezing of Russian assets abroad, coupled with anti-poverty programmes, the level of income and property inequality in Russia will significantly decrease on the horizon of 2022−2024. In the long term, the policy of passive financial regulation of inequality can produce a result that remains to be seen on the reporting data of Rosstat and international databases. In the future, when solving the dilemma between equality and economic growth, Russia should focus on the latter and make efforts to restore and then accelerate the growth of the average standard of living in the country

Assessment of the possibility of extra-budgetary funds including in the income distribution from unified treasury account funds management

The modern specifics of the temporarily free funds management on Unified Treasury Account of the Federal budget have been analysed. The assessment of the possibility and expediency of using of the income part received from the management of these funds to transfer to the Pension Fund of Russia budget as an additional factor in balancing its income and expenditure obligations, – has been made. An analysis of the current legislation has shown that the Pension Fund of Russia is not included in the number of recipients of income shares from managing balances on a single treasury account. In this regard, an estimate of the approximate amount of income from managing balances on a single treasury account based on open data has been made. It is proposed to include the Pension Fund of Russia in process of distributing these revenues since their value is sufficient to cover up to 10 % of the budget deficit of the Pension Fund of Russia

Scientific discussion on the essence of state financial regulation of socio-economic inequality in modern conditions

The article is devoted to the analysis of contemporary problems and peculiarities of regulating socio-economic inequality during the crisis and describes the financial crises’ impact mechanism on the state financial regulation evolution of economic inequality.In times of economic crises developed countries make unconditional distributions of money transfers to households to stimulate demand. New liquidity is distributed across the world economy, launching inflationary processes against the backdrop of significant problems with the supply of raw materials and materials due to the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public interest to the problem of growing socio-economic inequality is increasing along with the rise in the number of dollar millionaires and the financial assets prices. In many ways, this phenomenon is associated with the financial regulation specifics of the economy during times of crises.As a result of the study, the specifics and paradoxes of modern state financial regulation of economic inequality during times of crises have been substantiated, recommendations for state financial regulation of socio-economic inequality during the crisis have been formulated. Regulators should pay particular attention to the top 10 % of the population, for whom there are now many opportunities for tax optimisation and avoidance, with the result that even theoretically effective progressive tax systems do not work properly in practice. Developed countries should promote international tax cooperation to solve this problem, and developing countries should focus on improving their progressive tax systems

Economic inequality in Russia: problems and ways of their solution

Long-term trends of inequality in leading countries of the world have been analysed. Country features of economic inequality development related to the socio-economic structure of the country and social mentality, which have a significant impact on the adjustment of the financial mechanism of redistribution of income and wealth, have been identified. The current income tax rates of 42 countries, including social insurance payments have been analysed. As a result, it has been concluded that Russia is one of the few countries with a lack ofprogressive income taxation system and very low tax rates. If our society really wants to create a strong economy similar to the European Union, China or the USA, then the first step, to introduce a progressive system of income taxation, planned in 2021 should be the basis for further accelerated implementation of an effective system of progressive taxation of income, wealth and inheritance in Russia

Classification of methods and instruments of government financial regulation of households socio-economic inequality

One of the most dangerous risks of growing socio-economic inequality is the ability of the latter to that it can transform into political inequality, initiate the creation of extractive economic institutions and lead to the degradation of the country’s development. The article provides a critical analysis of the modern classification of instruments of economic inequality regulation presented at the Peterson Institute conference in 2019. Based on this concept, an expanded and more universal classification of methods and tools is proposed, and the most relevant ones are discussed taking into account modern realities. In conclusion, we gave recommendations for the Governments of developed and developing countries concerning the priorities in choice of methods and instruments of socio-economic inequality regulation in order to avoid an increase in excessive economic inequality and subsequent socio-economic problems

Directions for improving the pension indexations mechanism in the context of Russian economy’s transformation

The purpose of this study is to analyse the current mechanism for indexing pensions of Russian pensioners and find directions for its possible development in the context of the structural transformation of the Russian economy. To achieve this goal, a statistical and coefficient analysis of pension level indicators from the Rosstat database was carried out. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that, all other things being equal, it is not possible to fundamentally improve the level of pension provision and it is necessary to continue to carry out significant reforms of the Russian pension system. Taking into account the new realities in which Russia found itself after February 2022, authors proposed and analysed directions in which it would be possible to further reform the Russian pension system. The proposed directions were classified into four groups: 1) measures of a general economic nature, indirectly affecting the level of pension provision; 2) changing the general parameters of the existing pension system in order to optimize it; 3) the development of a non-governmental pension insurance system to solve the problem of a low replacement rate for high-income groups of pension recipients and 4) a change in the existing mechanism for indexing pensions, which involves more radical changes to fundamentally increase the level of pension provision for Russian pensioners

BLOCKCHAIN PERSPECTIVES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN ECONOMY FINANCE

The work describes the concept of blockchain technology, analyzes its advantages and disadvantages compared to centralized systems of accounting, storage and exchange of information. Key problems in the development of technology and its integration into everyday life are described and analyzed in this work. The relatively high cost, the presence of critical vulnerabilities in the software code, as well as the insufficient level of development of related technologies are significant obstacles to the development of blockchain technology. The directions of development and implementation of blockchain in the financial sector, as well as in the sphere of green finance are described. This direction can be the green bond market, for which is extremely important to track compliance with the requirement of targeted financing. Blockchain, technologically allows to effectively meet this requirement. An important conclusion obtained from the study was that despite a number of attempts to create analogues of private money (Libra, Gram, etc.) in the near future the replacement of traditional fiate money circulation by cryptocurrencies is unlikely for a number of objective reasons