Modelling and control of chaotic processes through their Bifurcation Diagrams generated with the help of Recurrent Neural Network models: Part 1—simulation studies

Many real-world processes tend to be chaotic and also do not lead to satisfactory analytical modelling. It has been shown here that for such chaotic processes represented through short chaotic noisy time-series, a multi-input and multi-output recurrent neural networks model can be built which is capable of capturing the process trends and predicting the future values from any given starting condition. It is further shown that this capability can be achieved by the Recurrent Neural Network model when it is trained to very low value of mean squared error. Such a model can then be used for constructing the Bifurcation Diagram of the process leading to determination of desirable operating conditions. Further, this multi-input and multi-output model makes the process accessible for control using open-loop/closed-loop approaches or bifurcation control etc. All these studies have been carried out using a low dimensional discrete chaotic system of Hénon Map as a representative of some real-world processes

Modelling of Metallurgical Processes Using Chaos Theory and Hybrid Computational Intelligence

The main objective of the present work is to develop a framework for modelling and controlling of a real world multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) continuously drifting metallurgical process, which is shown to be a complex system. A small change in the properties of the charge composition may lead to entirely different outcome of the process. The newly emerging paradigm of soft-computing or Hybrid Computational Intelligence Systems approach which is based on neural networks, fuzzy sets, genetic algorithms and chaos theory has been applied to tackle this problem In this framework first a feed-forward neuro-model has been developed based on the data collected from a working Submerged Arc Furnace (SAF). Then the process is analysed for the existence of the chaos with the chaos theory (calculating indices like embedding dimension, Lyapunov exponent etc). After that an effort is made to evolve a fuzzy logic controller for the dynamical process using combination of genetic algorithms and the neural networks based forward model to predict the system’s behaviour or conditions in advance and to further suggest modifications to be made to achieve the desired results

4-(4-Chloro­phen­yl)-5-phenyl­isoxazole

The title compound, C15H10ClNO, is a functionalized isoxazole with a chloro­phenyl and a phenyl substitutent. The mean plane of the isoxazole ring is inclined to those of the two benzene ring mean planes by 38.32 (16) and 43.91 (18)°

Sulfur and nitrogen removal of model fuel using activated carbon derived from oil palm shell

This research was done to understand the suitability and effectiveness of oil palm shells (OPS) as low cost adsorbents via physically activation with carbon dioxide (CO2) as an adsorbent for desulphurization and denitrogenation of a model fuel under different concentration. Batch mode experiments were conducted to study the effects concentration of Benzothiophine, Quinoline and Indole. Activated carbon (AC) was prepared at three different activation temperatures (500°C, 600°C, and 700°C), which was characterized with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (mR), and a mercury intrusion porosimeter. After adsorption, the solution was analysed with a Gas Chromatography (GC). Equilibrium adsorption isotherms and kinetics were investigated. The experimental data were analysed by the Langmuir and Freundlich models of adsorption. The adsorption isotherm data were fitted well to Langmuir isotherm and the most adsorption capacity on the best suited AC for Benzothiophene, Quinoline, and Indole were 3.64 mg/g, 4.19 mg/g and 2.98 mg/g respectively. The rates of adsorption were 0.19409 h-1, 0.08411 h-1, and 0.02883 h-1 for the adsorption of Benzothiophene, Quinoline, and Indole respectively. The kinetic data obtained at different concentrations have been analysed using a pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order equation and intraparticle diffusion equation. The pseudo-first­order model best described the sorption process and was employed in predicting the rate constant, equilibrium sorption capacity as well

Removal of chlorinated phenol from aqueous solution utilizing activated carbon derived from papaya (carica papaya) seeds

Activated carbons (ACs) were prepared from papaya seeds with different dry weight impregnation ratios of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) to papaya seeds by using a two-stage self-generated atmosphere method. The papaya seeds were first semi-carbonized in a muffle furnace at 300 oC for 1 h and then impregnated with ZnCl2 before activation at 500 oC for 2 h. Several physical and chemical characteristics such as moisture, ash, pH, functional groups, morphological structure and porosity of prepared ACs were studied and presented here. AC2, with the impregnation ration of 1 : 2 (papaya seeds: ZnCl2), yielded a product that had the highest adsorption capacity, 91.75%, achieved after 180min contact time. The maximum Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area of AC2 was 546m2/g. Adsorption studies indicated that AC2 complied well with the Langmuir isotherm (qm=39.683mg g-1) and the pseudo-second-order (qe=29.36mg g-1). This indicated that chemisorption was the primary adsorption method for AC2. The intraparticle diffusion model proved that the mechanism of adsorption was separated into two stages: the instantaneous stage and the gradual adsorption stage. Overall, this work demonstrated the suitability of using papaya seeds as a precursor to manufacture activated carbon

2-Bromo-1,2-diphenylethenyl 4-methyl­phenyl sulfoxide

In the title compound, C21H17BrO2S, the two phenyl rings attached to the ethene group are oriented at dihedral angles of 76.19 (10) and 57.99 (8)° with respect to the Br—C=C—S plane [r.m.s. deviation 0.003 Å]. The sulfonyl-bound phenyl ring forms a dihedral angle of 83.26 (8)° with the above plane. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak C—H⋯π inter­actions

(E)-3-[2-(4-Chloro­phenyl­sulfon­yl)vin­yl]-6-methyl-4H-chromen-4-one

In the title compound, C18H13ClO4S, the mean planes of the chloro­phenyl ring and the S—C=C—C chain are oriented at angles of 52.7 (2) and 51.3 (2)°, respectively, with respect to the sulfonyl (O=S=O) plane. The dihedral angle between the mean planes of the chloro­phenyl group and the benzopyran ring is 80.7 (1)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by two inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions, forming centrosymmetrc dimers, which are linked via a second C—H⋯O inter­action into a chain structure

3-(6-Methyl-2-pyrid­yl)-2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-1,3,2-benzoxaza­phosphinine 2-oxide

In the title compound, C19H17N2O2P, the six-membered 1,3,2-oxaza­phosphinine ring adopts a boat conformation with the phosphoryl O atom in an equatorial position. The dihedral angle between the 6-methyl-2-pyridyl and phenyl groups is 75.5 (1)°. These substituents are trans to each other, and are oriented at angles of 57.2 (1) and 74.8 (1)°, respectively, to the benzene ring. The crystal structure is stabilized by intra- and inter­molecular hydrogen bonds. The phosphoryl O atom participates in inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions with the neighbouring mol­ecules, forming centrosymmetric R 2 2(14) dimers

2,4,8,10,13-Penta­methyl-6-phenyl-13,14-dihydro-12H-6λ5-dibenzo[d,i][1,3,7,2]dioxaza­phosphecin-6-thione

In the title compound, C25H28NO2PS, the cyclo­decene ring exhibits a crown conformation. The two dimethyl­benzene rings which are fused symmetrically on either side of the ten-membered ring, make dihedral angles of 20.2 (1) and 18.0 (1)°. The phenyl ring substituted at P is perpendicular to the heterocyclic ring, making a dihedral angle of 88.4 (1)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by very weak intra­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonding

6-Bromo-2-(4-nitro­phen­oxy)-3-(1-phenyl­ethyl)-3,4-dihydro-1,3,2-benzoxaza­phosphinine 2-oxide

In the title compound, C21H18BrN2O5P, the six-membered oxaza­phosphinine ring is in a twist-boat conformation. One of the phosphoryl O atoms is in an equatorial configuation while the other is axial with respect to the oxaza­phosphinine ring. The mean planes of the benzene ring to which the nitro group is attached and the phenyl ring form a dihedral angle of 83.5 (1)°. In the crystal structure, weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into chains along [100]