Национальные особенности доклинических исследований и использования лабораторных животных в России: проблемы и перспективы

The analysis of the international experience in conducting preclinical studies and application of the principle of good laboratory practice was made. The issues associated with the use of laboratory animals for scientific purposes in Russia and abroad were discussed. The prospects of improvement of legislative base of the Russian Federation in the field of preclinical studies with the application of the principle of good laboratory practice and use of laboratory animals for scientific purposes were identified.Проведен анализ международного опыта организации проведения доклинических исследований и применения принципом надлежащей лабораторной практики. Обсуждены вопросы, связанные с использованием лабораторных животных в научных целях в РФ и за рубежом. Определены перспективы совершенствования законодательной базы РФ в области организации проведения доклинических исследований с применением принципом надлежащей лабораторной практики, а также использования лабораторных животных в научных целях

THE IMPACT OF EPILEPTIC SEIZURES ON THE HEART RHYTHM AND CONDUCTION: A REVIEW ARTICLE

Epileptic seizures affect the heart function and can provoke heart rhythm abnormalities and conduction disorders. Dysfunctions of the supra-segmental vegetative structures are thought to play a significant role in the development of arrhythmic syndrome in epilepsy. The asymmetric influence of the left and right cerebral hemispheres on the heart rate, the impact of antiepileptic drugs and other factors on the heart rhythm are still under discussion. The role of heart rhythm abnormalities in the pathogenesis of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy is also reviewed here. We analyze the pathogenesis of cardiac arrhythmias in epilepsy, the occurrence and risk factors, the types of disorders, the role of antiepileptic therapy and the significance of cardiac arrhythmias for the development of sudden death in patients with epilepsy (SUDEP)

Epileptic myoclonus

The article presents the main definitions, classification, and electroclinical characteristics of epileptic myoclonus

National characteristics of preclinical studies and use of laboratory animals in Russia: problems and prospects

The analysis of the international experience in conducting preclinical studies and application of the principle of good laboratory practice was made. The issues associated with the use of laboratory animals for scientific purposes in Russia and abroad were discussed. The prospects of improvement of legislative base of the Russian Federation in the field of preclinical studies with the application of the principle of good laboratory practice and use of laboratory animals for scientific purposes were identified

Epilepsy in de Vivo syndrome: a literature review and a clinical case

GLUT 1 transporter deficiency syndrome (De Vivo syndrome, GLUT 1 deficiency syndrome, De Vivo Disease) is a rare genetic disease associated with a deficiency of the glucose transporter GLUT 1. Due to this deficiency, diffusion of glucose through the blood-brain barrier is limited or completely blocked. As a result, a clinical symptom complex of neurological disorders – epileptic seizures, cognitive deficit, and motor disorders – develops. The article provides a review of the literature on the variety of epilepsy manifestations in this syndrome, including idiopathic generalized epilepsy with absences, myoclonic-astatic epilepsy, and focal epilepsy. The inability of the basic antiepileptic therapy to stop the seizures is noted. The main treatment method is the ketogenic diet. A clinical observation made by these authors is also presented

EPILEPSY ASSOCIATED WITH EPILEPTIC EYELID MYOCLONIA WITH OR WITHOUT ABSENCES

Epileptic eyelid myoclonia with or without absences  – epileptic seizures  presented  with closing of eyes  and frequent (3-6 times  per second)  rhythmic  myoclonias  of eyelids («eyelid fluttering»). They can be accompanied  by absences seizures  of short duration or they are not accompanied  by loss of consciousness. We analyzed the forms of epilepsy, seizure types and compulsive  movements of eyes associated with epileptic eyelid myoclonia. We present an algorithm of video-EEG monitoring to diagnostic this epileptic syndrome.  Epileptic eyelid myocloniais a seldom type of seizures. It observed with generalized and focal epilepsies. Epileptic eyelid myoclonia can be combined with It can be combined with obsessive eye movementsб what is need differential diagnosis with tics and other obsessions. Using of prolong EEG monitoring is necessary  in order to avoid the deterioration of the state of imaginary or perceived improvement. AEP efficiency depends  on the epileptic syndrome  associated with of еpileptic eyelid myoclonia

Epilepsy combined with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome: a literature review and description of clinical cases

This article presents the anamnestic, clinical, electro-encephalographic and neuroimaging findings in 5 patients with epilepsy combined with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS). According to our data and the results of others, this combination has its specific characteristics. These include: a high incidence of epilepsy in patients with WHS (50-100% of cases), an early debut of seizures (mainly in the first year of life), fever-provoked seizures, and a variety of seizure types – focal paroxysms, bilateral tonic-clonic seizures, atypical febrile seizures, atypical absences and epileptic spasms. In addition, there may be frequent epileptic seizures tending toward status epilepticus, a slowing of the major EEG activity, a local EEG slowing (mainly in the posterior and bi-frontal areas), and regional / multiregional epileptiform activity. In more than 50% of cases, the diffuse peakwave activity is observed; the broad spectrum anti-epileptic drugs are highly efficient in 80% of cases. Based on this study, we propose recommendations for the management of patients with epilepsy combined with WHS

On the need to improve the legislation on laboratory animals

The authors have analyzed international experience in creating legal documents regulating the use of animals for scientific purposes. Topical issues related to the use of laboratory animals for scientific purposes in the Russian Federation, including for the purpose of preclinical studies on the efficacy and safety of new medicines, are discussed. The negative effects of the lack a clear and consistent legal framework for the organization and limits of the use of laboratory animals for research purposes in the Russian Federation are identified. Particular attention is paid to the issue of bioethics, the principles of ethical expertise of research activities involving laboratory animals and the issues of bioethical committees activities. The basic directions of perfection of normative-legal acts and methodological documents in the field of organization and limits of the use of laboratory animals for research purposes are proposed

CLINICAL, NEURO-PHYSIOLOGICAL AND NEURO-VISUAL ANALYSIS OF ADULT PATIENTS WITH FOCAL EPILEPSY AND ABNORMALITIES OF CARDIAC RHYTHM AND CONDUCTION IN THE ICTAL PERIOD

Objective. To conduct a survey of adult patients with focal epilepsy and ictal disturbances of cardiac rhythm and conduction, considering the disease classification, anamnesis, clinical, electroencephalographic and neuroimaging data.Materials and methods. We selected 70 patients aged 18 to 51 years old with confirmed diagnoses of focal epilepsy with epileptic seizures persisting at the time of the study on the background of antiepileptic therapy without concomitant cardiac disorders but with confirmed ictal changes in the cardiac rhythm and conduction.Results. Among the examined patients, those with long lasting “structural focal epilepsy”, frequent epileptic attacks, temporal and frontal-temporal epileptogenic foci, taking several antiepileptic drugs, prevailed. Most of the heart rhythm and conduction abnormalities occurred in male patients with serial paroxysms, bilateral tonic-clonic seizures, or sleep seizures.Сonclusion. The timely detection and examination of patients with high risk of ictal arrhythmias is able to prevent disturbances of cardiac rhythm and heart conduction during epileptic seizures, including those with a life-threatening potential

New-Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus (NORSE): literature review and clinical case description

Here we provide a literature-based definition as well as etiological factors, clinical picture, prognosis, diagnostic algorithm, and treatment for the New-Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus (NORSE syndrome). In addition, we also present our personal experience by describing a female patient with refractory focal epilepsy associated with the cryptogenic new-onset refractory status epilepticus