10,970 research outputs found
Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy Observing Strategy Assessment
I develop a method for assessing the ability of an instrument, coupled with
an observing strategy, to measure the angular power spectrum of the cosmic
microwave background (CMB). It allows for efficient calculation of expected
parameter uncertainties. Related to this method is a means of graphically
presenting, via the ``eigenmode window function'', the sensitivity of an
observation to different regions of the spectrum, which is a generalization of
the traditional practice of presenting the trace of the window function. I
apply these techniques to a balloon-borne bolometric instrument to be flown
this summer (MSAM2). I find that a smoothly scanning secondary is better than a
chopping one and that, in this case, a very simple analytic formula provides a
good (40\% or better) approximation to expected power spectrum uncertainties.Comment: Substantial revisions, LaTeX 15 pages including 3 figure
Priorities for sustainable turfgrass management: a research and industry perspective
This paper provides a brief review and assessment of the key environmental, regulatory and technical issues facing the turfgrass sector with specific reference to the European context. It considers the range of externalities or âdrivers for change' facing the industry, and the challenges and opportunities available for promoting and achieving more sustainable turfgrass management within the sports, landscape and amenity sectors. The analysis confirms that there are a number of key areas where a concerted research and industrial effort is required. These include responding to the pressures from government demands for greater environmental regulation, the increasing pressure on natural resources (notably water, energy and land), the emerging role of turf management in supporting ecosystem services and enhancing biodiversity, the continued need to promote integrated pest management, and the looming challenges posed by a changing climate, and urgent need to adapt. Whilst many of these externalities appear to be risks to the sports turf industry, there will also be significant opportunities, for those where the labour, energy and agronomic costs are minimized and where the drive to adopt a multifunctional approach to sportsturf management is embraced
Social protection programs and employment: The case of Mexicoâs âSeguro Popularâ program
Mexico created Seguro Popular in 2002 with the goal of providing free or subsidized health insurance coverage to 47 million uninsured people by the year 2013. Only individuals lacking the social security protections granted to all formal sector workers and their families are eligible. Hence, one unintended consequence of the program could be an increase in the size of the informal sector. The introduction of the Seguro Popular program was conducted in stages, across municipalities and time. We exploit this variation and implement a differences-in-differences approach in order to identify the causal effect of the program in formal employment outcomes. We analyze the effect of Seguro Popular using 33 large and relatively rich cities from labor force surveys conducted from 2001 to 2004. In order to measure the effect for poorer municipalities, we also use the individual-level Oportunidades dataset that covers 136 municipalities from 2002 to 2004. We find little evidence of any correlation between Seguro Popular and the decision of workers to be employed in the formal or informal sector. One possible explanation of our findings is the low enrollment of the Seguro Popular program during the period we study. We provide suggestive evidence from the 33 cities that the result holds for the 2005 to 2006 period as well. We conclude that the recent increase in informal employment in Mexico is due to other causes.Mexico, informality, employment
A limit on the detectability of the energy scale of inflation
We show that the polarization of the cosmic microwave background can be used
to detect gravity waves from inflation if the energy scale of inflation is
above 3.2 times 10^15 GeV. These gravity waves generate polarization patterns
with a curl, whereas (to first order in perturbation theory) density
perturbations do not. The limiting ``noise'' arises from the second--order
generation of curl from density perturbations, or rather residuals from its
subtraction. We calculate optimal sky coverage and detectability limits as a
function of detector sensitivity and observing time.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, submitted to PR
Some implications of changing the tax basis for pension funds
Governments in many developed economies provide private pension plans with significant taxation incentives. However, as many retirement income systems are now being reviewed due to demographic, social and economic pressures, these taxation arrangements are also under scrutiny. This paper discusses some of the implications of the differences between the traditional taxation treatment adopted by most OECD nations and that adopted by Australia, where there is a tax on contributions, a tax on investment earnings and a tax on benefits. The results show that there are significant differences in the net value of the benefits received by individuals and the taxation revenue received by the government. On the other hand, it is shown that there is remarkably little to distinguish between the two tax structures in terms of summary measures of lifetime income, although the form in which the benefit is taken in retirement is significant in influencing intragenerational equity.
Inhomogeneous reionization and the polarization of the cosmic microwave background
In a universe with inhomogeneous reionization, the ionized patches create a
second order signal in the cosmic microwave background polarization anisotropy.
This signal originates in the coupling of the free electron fluctuation to the
quadruple moment of the temperature anisotropy. We examine the contribution
from a simple inhomogeneous reionization model and find that the signal from
such a process is below the detectable limits of the Planck Surveyor mission.
However t he signal is above the fundamental uncertainty limit from cosmic
variance, so th at a future detection with a high accuracy experiment on
sub-arcminute scales is possible.Comment: 10 pages, 2 eps figures, final version accepted for publication in
ApJ Letter
The Geometry and Ionization Structure of the Wind in the Eclipsing Nova-like Variables RW Tri and UX UMa
The UV spectra of nova-like variables are dominated by emission from the
accretion disk, modified by scattering in a wind emanating from the disk. Here
we model the spectra of RW Tri and UX UMa, the only two eclipsing nova-likes
which have been observed with the Hubble Space Telescope in the
far-ultraviolet, in an attempt to constrain the geometry and the ionization
structure of their winds. Using our Monte Carlo radiative transfer code we
computed spectra for simply-parameterized axisymmetric biconical outflow models
and were able to find plausible models for both systems. These reproduce the
primary UV resonance lines - N V, Si IV, and C IV - in the observed spectra in
and out of eclipse. The distribution of these ions in the wind models is
similar in both cases as is the extent of the primary scattering regions in
which these lines are formed. The inferred mass loss rates are 6% to 8% of the
mass accretion rates for the systems. We discuss the implication of our point
models for our understanding of accretion disk winds in cataclysmic variables.Comment: 13 pages, 15 figures and 4 tables. Published in Ap
Expressed sequence tag survey of gene expression in the scab mite Psoroptes ovis--allergens, proteases and free-radical scavengers
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