17,028 research outputs found
Contributions to the mixed-alkali effect in molecular dynamics simulations of alkali silicate glasses
The mixed-alkali effect on the cation dynamics in silicate glasses is
analyzed via molecular dynamics simulations. Observations suggest a description
of the dynamics in terms of stable sites mostly specific to one ionic species.
As main contributions to the mixed--alkali slowdown longer residence times and
an increased probability of correlated backjumps are identified. The slowdown
is related to the limited accessibility of foreign sites. The mismatch
experienced in a foreign site is stronger and more retarding for the larger
ions, the smaller ions can be temporarily accommodated. Also correlations
between unlike as well as like cations are demonstrated that support
cooperative behavior.Comment: 10 pages, 12 figures, 1 table, revtex4, submitted to Phys. Rev.
Cross-spectral modelling of the black hole X-ray binary XTEJ1550-564: challenges to the propagating fluctuations paradigm
Timing properties of black hole X-ray binaries in outburst can be modeled
with mass accretion rate fluctuations propagating towards the black hole. Such
models predict time lags between energy bands due to propagation delays. First
application of a propagating fluctuations model to black hole power spectra
showed good agreement with the data. Indeed, hard lags observed from these
systems appear to be in agreement with this generic prediction. Our PROPFLUC
code allows to simultaneously predict power spectra, time lags, and coherence
of the variability as a function of energy. This was successfully applied to
Swift data on the black hole MAXIJ1659-152, fitting jointly the power spectra
in two energy bands and the cross-spectrum between these two bands. In the
current work, we attempt to to model two high signal to noise Rossi X-ray
Timing Explorer (RXTE) observations of the black hole XTE J1550-564. We find
that neither observation can be adequately explained by the model even when
considering, additionally to previous PROPFLUC versions, different propagation
speeds of the fluctuations. After extensive exploration of model extensions, we
tentatively conclude that the quantitative and qualitative discrepancy between
model predictions and data is generic to the propagating fluctuations paradigm.
This result encourages further investigation of the fundamental hypotheses of
the propagating fluctuations model. We discuss some of these hypotheses with an
eye to future works.Comment: 14 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
Evolution of the hot flow of MAXI J1543-564
We present a spectral and timing analysis of the black hole candidate MAXI
J1543-564 during its 2011 outburst. As shown in previous work, the source
follows the standard evolution of a black hole outburst. During the rising
phase of the outburst we detect an abrupt change in timing behavior associated
with the occurrence of a type-B quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO). This QPO and
the simultaneously detected radio emission mark the transition between hard and
soft intermediate state. We fit power spectra from the rising phase of the
outburst using the recently proposed model propfluc. This assumes a truncated
disc / hot inner flow geometry, with mass accretion rate fluctuations
propagating through a precessing inner flow. We link the propfluc physical
parameters to the phenomenological multi-Lorentzian fit parameters. The
physical parameter dominating the QPO frequency is the truncation radius, while
broad band noise characteristics are also influenced by the radial surface
density and emissivity profiles of the flow. In the outburst rise we found that
the truncation radius decreases from to , and the surface
density increases faster than the mass accretion rate, as previously reported
for XTE J1550-564. Two soft intermediate state observations could not be fitted
with propfluc, and we suggest that they are coincident with the ejection of
material from the inner regions of the flow in a jet or accretion of these
regions into the BH horizon, explaining the drop in QPO frequency and
suppression of broad band variability preferentially at high energy bands
coincident with a radio flare.Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures, 2 table
Hidden in Plain Sight: Homeless Students In America's Public Schools
Student homelessness is on the rise, with more than 1.3 million homeless students identified during the 2013-14 school year. This is a 7 percent increase from the previous year and more than double the number of homeless students in 2006-07. As high as these numbers seem, they are almost certainly undercounts.Despite increasing numbers, these students - as well as the school liaisons and state coordinators who support them - report that student homelessness remains an invisible and extremely disruptive problem.Students experiencing homelessness struggle to stay in school, to perform well, and to form meaningful connections with peers and adults. Ultimately, they are much more likely to fall off track and eventually drop out of school more often than their non-homeless peers.This study:provides an overview of existing research on homeless students,sheds light on the challenges homeless students face and the supports they say they need to succeed,reports on the challenges adults - local liaisons and state coordinators - face in trying to help homeless students, andrecommends changes in policy and practice at the school, community, state and national level to help homeless students get on a path to adult success.This is a critical and timely topic. The recent reauthorization of the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) provides many new and stronger provisions for homeless students (effective Oct. 1, 2016); requires states, district and schools for the first time to report graduation rates for homeless students (effective beginning with the 2016-17 school year); and affirms the urgency and importance of dealing with homelessness so that all children can succeed
Definition of smolder experiments for Spacelab
The feasibility of conducting experiments in space on smoldering combustion was studied to conceptually design specific smoldering experiments to be conducted in the Shuttle/Spacelab System. Design information for identified experiment critical components is provided. The analytical and experimental basis for conducting research on smoldering phenomena in space was established. Physical descriptions of the various competing processes pertaining to smoldering combustion were identified. The need for space research was defined based on limitations of existing knowledge and limitations of ground-based reduced-gravity experimental facilities
Voyager Mars planetary quarantine Basic math model report
Basic math model study of planetary quarantine effects on Voyager Mars missio
Low-frequency QPO from the 11 Hz accreting pulsar in Terzan 5: not frame dragging
We report on 6 RXTE observations taken during the 2010 outburst of the 11 Hz
accreting pulsar IGR J17480-2446 located in the globular cluster Terzan 5.
During these observations we find power spectra which resemble those seen in
Z-type high-luminosity neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries, with a
quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) in the 35-50 Hz range simultaneous with a kHz
QPO and broad band noise. Using well known frequency-frequency correlations, we
identify the 35-50 Hz QPOs as the horizontal branch oscillations (HBO), which
were previously suggested to be due to Lense-Thirring precession. As IGR
J17480-2446 spins more than an order of magnitude more slowly than any of the
other neutron stars where these QPOs were found, this QPO can not be explained
by frame dragging. By extension, this casts doubt on the Lense-Thirring
precession model for other low-frequency QPOs in neutron-star and perhaps even
black-hole systems.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJ
Trace element geochemistry of peridotites from the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Forearc, Leg 125
Trace element analyses (first-series transition elements, Ti, Rb, Sr, Zr, Y, Nb, and REE) were carried out on whole rocks and minerals from 10 peridotite samples from both Conical Seamount in the Mariana forearc and Torishima Forearc Seamount in the Izu-Bonin forearc using a combination of XRF, ID-MS, ICP-MS, and ion microprobe. The concentrations of incompatible trace elements are generally low, reflecting the highly residual nature of the peridotites and their low clinopyroxene content (n ratios in the range of 0.05-0.25; several samples show possible small positive Eu anomalies. LREE enrichment is common to both seamounts, although the peridotites from Conical Seamount have higher (La/Ce)n ratios on extended chondrite-normalized plots, in which both REEs and other trace elements are organized according to their incompatibility with respect to a harzburgitic mantle. Comparison with abyssal peridotite patterns suggests that the LREEs, Rb, Nb, Sr, Sm, and Eu are all enriched in the Leg 125 peridotites, but Ti and the HREEs exhibit no obvious enrichment. The peridotites also give positive anomalies for Zr and Sr relative to their neighboring REEs. Covariation diagrams based on clinopyroxene data show that Ti and the HREEs plot on an extension of an abyssal peridotite trend to more residual compositions. However, the LREEs, Rb, Sr, Sm, and Eu are displaced off this trend toward higher values, suggesting that these elements were introduced during an enrichment event. The axis of dispersion on these plots further suggests that enrichment took place during or after melting and thus was not a characteristic of the lithosphere before subduction.
Compared with boninites sampled from the Izu-Bonin-Mariana forearc, the peridotites are significantly more enriched in LREEs. Modeling of the melting process indicates that if they represent the most depleted residues of the melting events that generated forearc boninites they must have experienced subsolidus enrichment in these elements, as well as in Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Sm, and Eu. The lack of any correlation with the degree of serpentinization suggests that low-temperature fluids were not the prime cause of enrichment. The enrichment in the high-field-strength elements also suggests that at least some of this enrichment may have involved melts rather than aqueous fluids. Moreover, the presence of the hydrous minerals magnesio-hornblende and tremolite and the common resorption of orthopyroxene indicate that this high-temperature peridotite-fluid interaction may have taken place in a water-rich environment in the forearc following the melting event that produced the boninites. The peridotites from Leg 125 may therefore contain a record of an important flux of elements into the mantle wedge during the initial formation of forearc lithosphere. Ophiolitic peridotites with these characteristics have not yet been reported, perhaps because the precise equivalents to the serpentinite seamounts have not been analyzed
Keeping One\u27s Friends Close: The Maintenance of Cooperation in Supposedly Fragmenting Alliances
From the perspective of an outside observer, interactions between sovereign states within the international arena seem to mirror the often paradoxical interpersonal complexities of their populace and those who govern them. Why did the Russian Empire and Poland-Lithuania choose to maintain a cooperative relationship in the early 1700s despite a shared desire to take control of the Baltic for themselves (Masse 1980)? How can one decipher the simultaneous desire of Turkey to stay in good graces with its NATO partners while also foraging ahead in its siding with the authoritarians of the world (Bekdil 2018)? All of these questions play into understanding at a theoretical level why nations in alliances still choose to remain in their frameworks despite their own individual goals, to which some scholars attribute to the base desires of nations to either spread their influence or seek security. Others invoke the power of the frameworks themselves to prevent collapse, and there are also those who highlight states’ subjective attitudes’ roles in this maintenance. This study of alliances that analyzes cases ranging from contemporary to historical alliance structures presents a further addition to this debacle, utilizing a constructed model and close scrutiny to effectively determine that the stability of cooperation between alliances rests in the extent of their structural alignment, holding vast implications for contemporary arrangements and crises that have captured the public’s attention in the process
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