Plant stem cells: unity and diversity

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells of multicellular organisms that can divide, self-renew and differentiate. Despite the differences of properties, general principles of the existence of stem cells can be distinguished in all multicellular organisms. In plants, stem cells are found in meristems – the structures that ensure the continuous growth of plant and provide material for the formation of various specialized tissues. There are numerous types of meristems: shoot and root apical meristems, lateral meristems (procambium, cambium, pericycle), as well as the so-called irregular meristems, developing under certain conditions (callus, meristems of symbiotic nodules, spontaneous and pathogen-induced tumors, etc.). For each of meristems, specific mechanisms of regulation, which are based on the interaction of plant hormones and the major groups of transcription factors, were identified. The activity of meristems is based on two opposite processes: proliferation and self-renewal of stem cells in the central part of the meristem and differentiation of specialized cells in the periphery. WOX-CLAVATA systems are a regulatory component conservative for different meristems and providing consistency of the composition of the meristem, as well as the balance of stem cell proliferation and differentiation. In this review, we will consider the similarities and differences between the principles of organization of stem cell niches in plants and animals, as well as in a variety of meristems of higher plants; special attention will be paid to the role of WOX-CLAVATA systems in maintaining meristems and their interaction with other meristem regulators

Polymorphism of CLE gene sequences in potato

CLE (CLV3/ESR) is one of the most important groups of peptide phytohormones: its members regulate the development of various plant organs and tissues, as well as interaction with some parasites and symbionts and response to environmental factors. In this regard, the identification and study of the CLE genes encoding the peptides of this group in cultivated plants are of great practical interest. Relatively little is known about the functions of CLE peptides in potato, since the CLE genes of the potato Solanum phureja Juz. et Buk. were characterized only in 2021. At the same time, potato includes plenty of tuberous species of the genus Solanum L., both wild and cultivated, and the diversity of its forms may depend on differences in the sequences of CLE genes. In this work, we performed a search for and analysis of the CLE gene sequences in three wild potato species (S. bukasovii Juz., S. verrucosum Schltdl., S. commersonii Dunal) and four cultivated species (S. chaucha Juz. et Buk., S. curtilobum Juz. et Buk., S. juzepczukii Juz. et Buk., S. ajanhuiri Juz. et Buk.). In total, we identified 332 CLE genes in the analyzed potato species: from 40 to 43 genes of this family for each potato species. All potato species taken for analysis had homologues of previously identified S. phureja CLE genes; at the same time, the CLE42 gene, which is absent from the S. phureja genome, is present in all other analyzed potato species. Polymorphism of CLE proteins of S. commersonii is significantly higher than that of other analyzed potato species, due to the fact that S. commersonii grows in places outside the growing areas of other potato species and this potato is probably not one of the ancestors of cultivated potato. We also found examples of polymorphism of domains of CLE proteins that carried different functions. Further study of potato CLE proteins will reveal their role in development, including regulation of productivity in this important agricultural crop

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN POLYMORPHISMS IN GENES ENCODING 2′-5′-OLIGOADENYLATE SYNTHETASES AND THE HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE UPON VACCINATION AGAINST TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS

Vaccination forms active immunity and represents an effective way of preventing tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). However, excessive vaccination is unjustified in terms of economics and medical ethics. One of the individualized approaches to vaccines is the selection of vaccine doses depending on the expected levels of immune response. Therefore, there is a need for new methods for assessing potential human immune responses prior to vaccination. The aim of this study was to determine possible association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within OAS2 and OAS3 genes, which have been previously associated with the development of severe forms of TBE, and the formation of antibodies and cytokines upon vaccination against TBE. The study involved 97 volunteers of both sexes who had not previously been vaccinated against TBE and had no contact with ticks. Venous blood samples were collected one month after vaccination against TBE using the EnceVir vaccine. Levels of specific IgG antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis virus and interleukin 4 (IL-4) were analyzed. Genomic DNA samples were genotyped for the SNPs rs2285932, rs2072136, rs1293762, rs15895 and rs1732778 in genes encoding 2’-5’-oligoadenylate synthetases OAS2 and OAS3. Antibody production in response to vaccine administration was significantly associated with SNP rs1732778 in the regulatory region of the OAS2 gene. This indicator was significantly higher in people with heterozygous genotypes G/A as compared to people with homozygous genotypes G/G and A/A. Carriers of the A allele (G/A or A/A genotypes) of the same SNP had reduced IL-4 levels as compared to the homozygous G/G individuals. Thus, the data obtained indicate that SNP rs1732778 in the regulatory region of the OAS2 gene correlates with the formation of antiviral IgG antibodies and changes in IL-4 levels upon vaccination. Evidently, the genetic polymorphism in OAS2 gene should be considered when performing individualized TBE vaccinations

Thrombolytic and anticoagulant properties of thiol-dependent serine proteinase Bacillus intermedius 3-19

The results on research of affection "in vitro" of preparate of thiol-dependent serine proteinase from B. intermedius on time of formation and dissolvation of the clots formed from plasma rat blood

Thrombolytic and anticoagulant properties of thiol-dependent serine proteinase Bacillus intermedius 3-19

The results on research of affection "in vitro" of preparate of thiol-dependent serine proteinase from B. intermedius on time of formation and dissolvation of the clots formed from plasma rat blood

Thrombolytic and anticoagulant properties of thiol-dependent serine proteinase Bacillus intermedius 3-19

The results on research of affection "in vitro" of preparate of thiol-dependent serine proteinase from B. intermedius on time of formation and dissolvation of the clots formed from plasma rat blood