220 research outputs found
Adapting cause and effects methodology to your Safety instrumented system (SIS) to reduce human errors from engineering, operations and beyond
PresentationA safety instrumented system (SIS) is used to implement one or more Safety Instrumented Functions (SIFs) which are designed to reduce the likelihood of hazardous risk by decreasing the frequency of unwanted events (accidents). The amount of risk reduction that an SIS can provide is represented by its safety integrity level (SIL). The SIS is designed to detect when the process reaches a hazardous condition and respond accordingly to move the process to a safe state, thus preventing the unwanted accident from occurring. Studies indicate however, that over 50% of all SIS failures are related Systematic faults introduced by human error. While many SIS systems boast having SIL 3 certification, itâs often the human interactions that render many of these well intended systems to be essentially idle. A cause and effects methodology is an approach many in the industry are exploring to help reduce human errors throughout the entire safety lifecycle of the SIS
Examining plausibility of self-report energy intake data: considerations for method selection.
Self-reported dietary intake data contain valuable information and have long been used
in the development of nutrition programs and policy. Some degree of measurement error
is always present in such data. Biological plausibility, assessed by determining whether
self-reported energy intake (rEI) reflects physiological status and physical activity level,
must be examined and accounted for before drawing conclusions about intake. Methods
that may be used to account for plausibility of rEI include crude methods such as excluding
participants reporting EIs at the extremes of a range of intake and individualized
methods such as statistical adjustment and applying cutoffs that account for the errors
associated with within-participant variation in EI and total energy expenditure (TEE). These
approaches allow researchers to determine how accounting for under- and overreporting
affects study results and to appropriately address misreporting in drawing conclusions
with data collected and in interpreting reported research. In selecting a procedure to
assess and account for plausibility of intake, there are a number of key considerations,
such as resources available, the dietary-report instrument, as well as the advantages and
disadvantages of each method. While additional studies are warranted to recommend
one procedure as superior to another, researchers should apply one of the available
methods to address the issue of implausible rEI. If no method is applied, then at minimum,
mean TEE or rEI/TEE should be reported to allow readers to ascertain the degree
of misreporting at a gross level and better interpret the data and results provided
Colour reconnection and Bose-Einstein effects
Final-state interactions and interference phenomena that could affect the
value of the W mass reconstructed from hadronic WW decays at LEP2 are reviewed,
and possible areas for future investigation are identified.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures, LaTeX, uses epsfig. Talk at Phenomenology
Workshop on LEP2 Physics, Oxford, April 199
The effects of nonextensive statistics on fluctuations investigated in event-by-event analysis of data
We investigate the effect of nonextensive statistics as applied to the
chemical fluctuations in high-energy nuclear collisions discussed recently
using the event-by-event analysis of data. It turns out that very minuite
nonextensitivity changes drastically the expected experimental output for the
fluctuation measure. This results is in agreement with similar studies of
nonextensity performed recently for the transverse momentum fluctuations in the
same reactions.Comment: Revised version, to be published in J. Phys. G (2000
Broadband classification and statistics of echoes from aggregations of fish measured by long-range, mid-frequency sonar
Author Posting. Š Acoustical Society of America, 2017. This article is posted here by permission of Acoustical Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 141 (2017): 4354, doi:10.1121/1.4983446.For horizontal-looking sonar systems operating at mid-frequencies (1â10 kHz), scattering by fish with resonant gas-filled swimbladders can dominate seafloor and surface reverberation at long-ranges (i.e., distances much greater than the water depth). This source of scattering, which can be difficult to distinguish from other sources of scattering in the water column or at the boundaries, can add spatio-temporal variability to an already complex acoustic record. Sparsely distributed, spatially compact fish aggregations were measured in the Gulf of Maine using a long-range broadband sonar with continuous spectral coverage from 1.5 to 5âkHz. Observed echoes, that are at least 15 decibels above background levels in the horizontal-looking sonar data, are classified spectrally by the resonance features as due to swimbladder-bearing fish. Contemporaneous multi-frequency echosounder measurements (18, 38, and 120âkHz) and net samples are used in conjunction with physics-based acoustic models to validate this approach. Furthermore, the fish aggregations are statistically characterized in the long-range data by highly non-Rayleigh distributions of the echo magnitudes. These distributions are accurately predicted by a computationally efficient, physics-based model. The model accounts for beam-pattern and waveguide effects as well as the scattering response of aggregations of fish.This research was supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research, the National Oceanographic Partnership Program, NOAA, WHOI, and the Oceanographer of the U.S. Navy
Criticality, Fractality and Intermittency in Strong Interactions
Assuming a second-order phase transition for the hadronization process, we
attempt to associate intermittency patterns in high-energy hadronic collisions
to fractal structures in configuration space and corresponding intermittency
indices to the isothermal critical exponent at the transition temperature. In
this approach, the most general multidimensional intermittency pattern,
associated to a second-order phase transition of the strongly interacting
system, is determined, and its relevance to present and future experiments is
discussed.Comment: 15 pages + 2 figures (available on request), CERN-TH.6990/93,
UA/NPPS-5-9
Numerical Confirmation of Late-time t^{1/2} Growth in Three-dimensional Phase Ordering
Results for the late-time regime of phase ordering in three dimensions are
reported, based on numerical integration of the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau
equation with nonconserved order parameter at zero temperature. For very large
systems () at late times, the characteristic length grows
as a power law, , with the measured in agreement with the
theoretically expected result to within statistical errors. In this
time regime is found to be in excellent agreement with the analytical
result of Ohta, Jasnow, and Kawasaki [Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 49}, 1223 (1982)].
At early times, good agreement is found between the simulations and the
linearized theory with corrections due to the lattice anisotropy.Comment: Substantially revised and enlarged, submitted to PR
Multi-boson effects and the normalization of the two-pion correlation function
The two-pion correlation function can be defined as a ratio of either the
measured momentum distributions or the normalized momentum space probabilities.
We show that the first alternative avoids certain ambiguities since then the
normalization of the two-pion correlator contains important information on the
multiplicity distribution of the event ensemble which is lost in the second
alternative. We illustrate this explicitly for specific classes of event
ensembles.Comment: 6 pages, three figures,submit to PR
Swarming in shallow waters
A swarm is a collection of separate objects that move autonomously in the same direction in a concerted fashion. This type of behavior is observed in ensembles of various organisms but has proven inherently difficult to realize in artificial chemical systems, where the components have to self-assemble dynamically and, at the same time, propel themselves. This paper describes a class of systems in which millimeter-sized components interact hydrodynamically and organize into dissipative structures that swarm in thin fluid layers. Depending on the geometry of the particles, various types of swarms can be engineered, including ensembles that rotate, follow a "leader", or are pushed in front of a larger particle
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