EFFECT OF DRINKING IONIZED WATER ON HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES, BACTERIA COUNT, AND SOME HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF JAPANESE QUAIL

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of drinking ionized water on histological changes, bacteria count, and some hematological parameters of Japanese quail. A total of 200-42-day-old Japanese quails were divided into five treatments. The birds of each treatment were divided into four replicates. The pH level of drinking water of the first treatment was 7, whereas the pH levels of drinking water of other treatments were 8, 9, 6, and 5 respectively. The results showed that villi height, crypt depth, and mucous layer thickness of the duodenum were increased (P<0.05) in T4 and T5. The normal histological structure was observed in the microscopic section of the liver of the treated group. The pH 7 of drinking water led to the depletion of the follicles and an increase in the interfollicular space of birds (Fig4). In addition, there was hemorrhage among the bursal follicles in the bursa of birds that received pH8 drinking water (Fig5). The pH5 of drinking water showed mild lymphoid depletion in the section of the bird bursa (Fig6). Also, the pH9 of drinking water showed large vacuoles in the epithelial layer which support the lymphoid follicles in the section of the bursa (Fig 7). There were thickening and degeneration changes in the capsule with lymphocyte aggregation in birds that received pH9 of drinking water (Fig8). The levels of pH of drinking water affect WBC, Hb, and PCV. Drinking acidic ionized water increased the number of Lactobacilli bacteria and decreased the number of Coliform bacteria. Conclusion: The pH 8 and 5 of drinking water had a positive role in the histological changes, bacterial count, and some hematological parameters of Japanese quail

kNN and SVM classification for EEG: a review

This paper review the classification method of EEG signal based on k-nearest neighbor (kNN) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. For instance, a classifier learns an input features from a dataset using specific approach and tuning parameters, develop a classification model, and use the model to predict the corresponding class of new input in an unseen dataset. EEG signals contaminated with various noises and artefacts, non-stationary and poor in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Moreover, most EEG applications involve high dimensional feature vector. kNN and SVM were used in EEG classification and has been proven successfully in discriminating features in EEG dataset. However, different results were observed between different EEG applications. Hence, this paper reviews the used of kNN and SVM classifier on various EEG applications, identifying their advantages and disadvantages, and also their overall performances

Growth performance, intestinal morphology, and carcass traits in broiler chicken fed Conocarpus erectus leaf meal

This study evaluated the effects of adding Conocarpus erectus leaf meal to the diet on the perfor-mance, carcass traits, organ weights, and intestinal morphology of broiler chicken. A total of 396 one-day-old Ross 308 broilers were assigned to nine treatments, which included 0, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75%, and 2% C. erectus leaf meal addition to the broiler diet. Feed and bird weights were recorded weekly. On slaughter day, the weights of carcasses and organs were individual-ly reported using a digital scale as well as the intestine samples were pooled for tissue analysis. High levels of C. erectus leaf meal reduced (P<0.01) body weight, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. The basal diet and 0.25% C. erectus leaf meal diet reported higher (P<0.01) body weight and body weight gain than did the other treatments. Birds fed 0.25% C. erectus leaf meal supplementation performed similarly to those fed the basal diet. Significantly, with increasing amounts of C. erectus leaf meal in the diets, there was a linear slope decrease in live weight and body weight gain as well as a linear slope rise in the values of feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Carcass trait and relative organ weights were not altered among the dietary treatments. Feeding 1% C. erectus leaf meal diet decreased (P<0.01) relative abdominal fat weight compared to birds fed the control diet. Birds fed dietary C. erectus treatments had higher (P<0.01) villus height, villus width, crypt depth, and lower villus height/crypt depth ratio than did birds fed the control diet. In conclusion, the study indicated that feeding 0.25% C. erectus leaf meal showed no deleterious effects on the growth performance of the broiler. Growth performance and intestinal morphology were linearly reduced when broilers were fed up 2% of C. erectus meal