The political determinants of the Egyptian competition law

During the 1990s, the competition law arena witnessed a huge competition laws adaptation from developing countries creating a fertile soil for scholars and practitioners of competition law to study such a phenomena. The literature mainly corresponds to the inevitable lack of enforcement of such competition legislation within developing countries. In the scholars’ attempt to address the routes of the problem, several arguments have been formed. The most important mainstream arguments focus on two different scale arguments. The first argument focuses on the pre-enactment phase that can be called “the best model”. While the second argument focuses on the post-enactment phase which concentrates its argument on analyzing the “enforcement mechanisms”. The “best model” argument provides two different points of view. The advocates of the first point of view argue that developing countries should transplant the competition law universal norms; in other words, they should transplant Western competition legislation. On the other hand, advocates of the context theory argue that developing countries should seek the contextualization approach that harness such universal/western competition law norms to the developing countries own context. Despite the fact that both “best model” and “enforcement mechanisms” seems to be theoretically different, they are related to each other in one important aspect that seems not to be recognized by the two schools’ advocates. This important fact is the role of “political determinants” of the relevant developing country. This paper focuses on the Egyptian competition law as one of the developing countries. The paper takes a different approach than mainstream literature by emphasizing the “political determinants” within the context of a developing country due to its central and important role in determining both the “best model” to be adopted in the pre-enactment phase and on the enforcement phase as well. In support of this approach, the paper magnifies the role played by “political determinants” as the third dimension that moves everything within the competition law arena, including competition policy, legislation model, and thus enforcement mechanism. The Egyptian case reflects the fact that “political determinants” should be examined more closely as it is one of the main reasons for the enforcement problems faced by developing countries

Semiclassical Hartree-Fock theory of a rotating Bose-Einstein condensation

In this paper, we investigate the thermodynamic behavior of a rotating Bose-Einstein condensation with non-zero interatomic interactions theoretically. The analysis relies on a semiclassical Hartree-Fock approximation where an integral is performed over the phase space and function of the grand canonical ensemble is derived. Subsequently, we use this result to derive several thermodynamic quantities including the condensate fraction, critical temperature, entropy and heat capacity. Thereby, we investigate the effect of the rotation rate and interactions parameter on the thermodynamic behavior. The role of finite size is discussed. Our approach can be extended to consider the rotating condensate in optical potential

Assessing English Language Instructors’ Knowledge and Use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) In Taif University Campuses (TUCs)

The success of the integration of information and communication technology (ICT) into the teaching and learning of English language depends largely on the level of knowledge of ICT possessed by the instructors and actual utilization of these in the classroom. The study therefore assessed Taif University (TU) English Language instructors’ knowledge and use of ICT in English Language classrooms. Attempt was made to provide answers to these four research questions using survey research design: (1) What is the level of knowledge of English language instructor about ICT? (2) Are ICT facilities available in Taif University Campuses (TUCs) for the teaching and learning of English? (3) Do English language instructors use ICT in English? (4) Is there any significant difference in the knowledge of ICT between male and female English language instructors? The participants were 94 English Language instructors from 4 university campuses in and around Taif City. A self-designed questionnaire was used to collect pertinent data which were analyzed using frequency counts, simple percentage and t-test. Findings revealed that the level of knowledge of ICT possessed by English Language instructors was poor and as such, they rarely use ICT in English Language instruction. It was also found that there was significant difference in the male and female instructors’ knowledge of ICT with the males demonstrating a higher level of knowledge than their female counterparts. Based on these findings, it is recommended, among others, that English language instructors must attend periodic seminars, workshops and in-service trainings to equip them with knowledge of ICT and its utilization in classroom instruction while instructor education programs in tertiary establishments must be reviewed to incorporate ICT-assisted instruction. Keywords: language assessment, English language teaching, information technology, and language communication

The Islamic Religious Observance Scale; development, psychometric properties and associations with demographic factors in a Sudanese sample

This study reports the development and a preliminary analysis of the psychometric properties of the Islamic Religious Observance Scale “IROS”. The IROS measures the concept of religiosity from an Islamic perspective. One hundred Sudanese Muslim adults completed the Islamic Religious Observance Scale. The IROS was found to have satisfactory test-retest reliability, good internal consistency and good construct validity. The author believes that the IROS might have utility for screening and research purposes, not only as an assessment and outcome measure but also for testing hypotheses about connections between religion and mental health in the Sudan and other Islamic countries

Homomorphic Data Isolation for Hardware Trojan Protection

The interest in homomorphic encryption/decryption is increasing due to its excellent security properties and operating facilities. It allows operating on data without revealing its content. In this work, we suggest using homomorphism for Hardware Trojan protection. We implement two partial homomorphic designs based on ElGamal encryption/decryption scheme. The first design is a multiplicative homomorphic, whereas the second one is an additive homomorphic. We implement the proposed designs on a low-cost Xilinx Spartan-6 FPGA. Area utilization, delay, and power consumption are reported for both designs. Furthermore, we introduce a dual-circuit design that combines the two earlier designs using resource sharing in order to have minimum area cost. Experimental results show that our dual-circuit design saves 35% of the logic resources compared to a regular design without resource sharing. The saving in power consumption is 20%, whereas the number of cycles needed remains almost the sam

Definition and Measurement of Children's Emotional and Behavioural Problems “A Review Article

     The current literature on children's behaviour problems provides several definitions, primarily the two broad-based categories: emotional (internalizing) and behavioural (externalizing). Although children's emotional and behavioural impairments may be evident at the personal, social, learning, and skills levels, the debate on the influence of culture is at stake. Besides giving general review about these issues the aim of the present paper is to expose the reader to have an idea about how behaviour problems are quantified. The article has also attempted to give an overview of the nature and structure of some of the valid and reliable instruments that are universally employed to measure childhood behavioural deviance.   &nbsp

Using immunostains to distinguish the look-alike Blue Cell Tumors, their pathogenesis and behavior: Experience of a single center in Khartoum

Blue cell tumours are a diverse group that look alike in the H&E stained sections and are difficult to distinguish from each other except by immunohistochemistry. They include: Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumour, Ewing's Sarcoma/PNET, Neuroblastoma, Medulloblastoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Carcinoid tumor, Small cell lung cancer, Wilms' tumour, Retinoblastoma, Small-cell lymphoma and Hepatoblastoma. We have encountered all these in our practice. Because of the long list only some will be discussed. These are Ewing group of tumours and some uncommon but quite interesting members of the other Blue cell tumours. There are 3 main types of Ewing tumors: Ewing sarcoma of bone, Extraosseous Ewing tumor (EOT) and Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PPNET). The latter is a rare childhood cancer that involves the brain and can also starts in the bone or soft tissue and shares many features with Ewing sarcoma of bone and EOT. Peripheral PNETs that start in the chest wall are known as Atkin tumors. We used certain immunohistochemical stains to correctly diagnosis these cases. Classic Ewing sarcoma is positive for CD99, Vimentin but negative for the neural stain S-100 protein. PPNET has the same markers as Ewing but they are s-100 and Cytokeratin and/or EMA positive. We had odd sites for Ewing sarcoma such as the Esophagus. Some other interesting small round cell tumours are myelomas. When they have typical appearance of plasma cells the diagnosis is easy. However there is a poorly differentiated plasmacytoma that looked like other blue cell tumours. One was in the spine. It stained positive for the B cell marker CD20 but was negative for LCA which led us to do immunostaining for plasma proteins. The cells were positive for IgG and negative for Ig A and Ig M. Mature plasma cells of multiple myeloma are negative for CD20. Diagnosis: Myeloma of the small lymphocyte-like type involving D11