Heterogeneity and the dynamics of technology adoption

We estimate the demand for a videocalling technology in the presence of both network effects and heterogeneity. Using a unique dataset from a large multinational firm, we pose and estimate a fully dynamic model of technology adoption. We propose a novel identification strategy based on post-adoption technology usage to disentangle equilibrium beliefs concerning the evolution of the network from observed and unobserved heterogeneity in technology adoption costs and use benefits. We find that employees have significant heterogeneity in both adoption costs and network benefits, and have preferences for diverse networks. Using our estimates, we evaluate a number of counterfactual adoption policies, and find that a policy of strategically targeting the right subtype for initial adoption can lead to a faster-growing and larger network than a policy of uncoordinated or diffuse adoption

An empirical analysis of countervailing power in business-to-business bargaining

Pricing schemes in business-to-business (B2B) relationships reflect price discrimination and bargaining over rents. Bargaining outcomes are determined by upstream market power and countervailing buyer power downstream. This paper uses an exceptional panel of B2B transactions in the UK brick market to study B2B transaction prices. The empirical analysis identifies three effects on prices: nonlinear volume and freight absorption effects; countervailing power effects arising from buyers' local commercial significance; and competition effects due to the buyers' local potential suppliers. And it shows that small buyers benefit more from competition than large buyers because they are not constrained by the suppliers' capacity

Empirical Models of Manufacturer-Retailer Interaction: A Review and Agenda for Future Research

The nature of the interaction between manufacturers and retailers has received a great deal of empirical attention in the last 15 years. One major line of empirical research examines the balance of power between them and ranges from reduced form models quantifying aggregate profit and other related trends for manufacturers and retailers to structural models that test alternative forms of manufacturer-retailer pricing interaction. A second line of research addresses the sources of leverage for each party, e.g., trade promotions and their pass-through, customer information from loyalty programs, manufacturer advertising, productassortment in general, and private label assortment in particular. The purpose of this article is to synthesize what has been learnt about the nature of the interaction between manufacturers and retailers and the effectiveness of each party’s sources of leverage and to highlight gaps in our knowledge that future research should attempt to fill

Czestosc wystepowania okreslonych sytuacji odczuwalnosci termicznej w rejonie Olsztyna w latach 1998-2000

W pracy przedstawiono częstość występowania określonych sytuacji odczuwalności termicznej w rejonie Olsztyna w latach 1998 - 2000 wyznaczonych na podstawie wartości temperatury efektywnej i normalnej temperatury efektywnej. W większości przypadków w rejonie Olsztyna odczucia termiczne oscylowały wokół oceny: bardzo zimno i zimno. Najwięcej tego typu sytuacji występowało I w godzinach porannych (pomiar o godz. 6.00) i w okresie zimowym. Zaskakująco mała była liczebność sytuacji określanych jako orzeźwiające lub komfortowe. Zauważono również brak przypadków z odczuciem gorąca i niewielką ilość dni ciepłych. Kryterium uciążliwości meteorotropowej wyodrębniło jedynie 9% dni w analizowanym trzyleciu.Paper describes the frequency of sensible temperature conditions in Olsztyn in the period 1998 - 2000 on the basis of effective temperature and normal effective temperature values. In most cases in Olsztyn region, the thermal sensibility oscillated round opinion: very cold and cold. The most of such situations appeared in morning hours (measurement about 6 am) in winter period. Surprisingly, there was a small number of situations defined as bracing or comfortable. No cases with sense of heat and small number of warm days were. Observed the standard of meteorotropic importunity distinguished only 9% days within analysed period