Craniovertebral anomalies associated with pituitary gland duplication

Background: An extremely rare occurrence of the pituitary gland duplication inspired us to examine in detail the accompanying craniovertebral congenital anomalies in a patient involved. Materials and methods: T1-wighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed, as well as the multislice computerised tomography (MSCT) and MSCT angiography in our patient, as well as in a control group of 10 healthy subjects. Results: In a 20-year-old male a double pituitary gland was identified, as well as hypothalamic enlargement, tuberomamillary fusion and hamartoma. In addition, the patient also showed a duplicated hypophyseal fossa and posterior clinoid processes, notch of the upper sphenoid, prominent inner relief of the skull, inverse shape of the foramen magnum, third occipital condyle, partial aplasia of the anterior and posterior arches of the atlas with a left arcuate foramen, duplication of the odontoid process and the C2 body, and fusion of the C2–C4 and T12–L1 vertebrae. The MSCT angiography presented a segmental dilatation of both vertebral arteries and the A2 segment of the anterior cerebral artery, as well as a duplication of the basilar artery. Conclusions: This patient is unique due to complex craniovertebral congenital anomalies associated with a duplication of the pituitary gland

An emerging field: An evaluation of biomedical graduate student and postdoctoral education and training research across seven decades

Biomedical graduate student and postdoctoral education and training research has expanded greatly over the last seven decades, leading to increased publications and the emergence of a field. The goal of this study was to analyze this growth by performing a cross-sectional bibliometric analysis using a systematic approach to better understand the publishing trends (including historical vs. emerging themes and research priorities); depth, structure, and evidence-basis of content; and venues for publication. The analysis documented a dramatic increase in biomedical trainee-related publications over time and showed that this area of research is maturing into its own independent field. Results demonstrated that the most frequently published article types in this field are shorter editorial and opinion pieces, and that evidence-based articles are less numerous. However, if current trends continue, projections indicate that by the year 2035, evidence-based articles will be the dominating article type published in this field. Most frequently published topics included career outcomes and workforce characterization and professional development. In recent years, the most cited articles were publications focused on diversity, equity, and inclusion, career outcomes and workforce characterization, and wellness. This study also shows that although a small subset of journals publishes most of this literature, publications are distributed diffusely across a wide range of journals and that surprisingly 68% of these journals have published only a single article on the topic. Further, we noted that the assignment of author- and index-supplied keywords was variable and inconsistent and speculate that this could create challenges to conducting comprehensive literature searches. Recommendations to address this include establishing standard keyword assignment criteria and proposing new index-supplied keywords to improve accessibility of research findings. These changes will be important for bringing visibility of this literature to our community, institutional leaders, national trainee organizations, and funding agencies

Određivanje novčane vrednosti hraniva

The determinations of nutrient costs and breakeven prices of feedstuffs are important activities in the field of nutritional economics. Nutrient content is the primary determinant of feed value. Various methods can be used to estimate feed values. Method by content of dry matter is appropriate for the comparison of feeds that are similar in composition, but differing in moisture. Method based on barometer feeds can provide reasonable estimates of feed values and can be used with a simple pocket calculator. Linear programming methods are best when applied to individual farm cases. They do require a good ration balancing program, a computer and a skillful nutritionist. Maximum likelihood method uses the prices of all feedstuffs traded in a given market to estimate feedstuff costs. The method was programmed as a Windows application named Sesame. This method give more accurate estimates of feed values but also require a computer. Beware however, that even this high technology and brain power does not account for all factors determining the value of a feed.Određivanje cene hraniva i hranljivih materija je veoma važno sa aspekta ekonomskog razmišljanja u ishrani domaćih životinja. Sadržaj hranljivih materija u najvećoj meri određuje novčanu vrednost hraniva. Postoji vise metoda za određivanje novčane vrednosti hraniva. Metod određivanja na osnovu sadržaja suve materije je pogodan kada su u pitanju dva hraniva sa sličnim hemijskim sastavom, ali koji se razlikuju u sadržaju vlage. Metod određivanja na osnovu cena barometar hraniva (Petersen metod) može da obezbedi prihvatljive rezultate, a za upotrebuj e dovoljno posedovati kalkulator. Metod linearnog programiranja je najbolji kada se primenjuje na individualnim farmama. Zahteva kompjuter, kvalitetan softver za sastavljanje obroka i kvalifikovanog nutricionistu. Metod maksimalne verodostojnosti (Maximum likelihood method), u cilju određivanja novčane vrednosti za neko hranivo uzima u obzir cene svih hraniva na tržištu. Ovaj metod je dostupan za rad kao Windows aplikacija pod nazivom "Sesame". Daje najtačnije rezultate, ali takođe zahteva kompjuter i već pomenuti softver. Uprkos visoko razvijenoj tehnologiji i mogućnostima ljudskog uma, nijedan od prikazanih metoda za određivanje novčane vrednosti hraniva ne uzima u obzir sve faktore koji determinišu cenu istih

An emerging field: An evaluation of biomedical graduate student and postdoctoral education and training research across seven decades.

Biomedical graduate student and postdoctoral education and training research has expanded greatly over the last seven decades, leading to increased publications and the emergence of a field. The goal of this study was to analyze this growth by performing a cross-sectional bibliometric analysis using a systematic approach to better understand the publishing trends (including historical vs. emerging themes and research priorities); depth, structure, and evidence-basis of content; and venues for publication. The analysis documented a dramatic increase in biomedical trainee-related publications over time and showed that this area of research is maturing into its own independent field. Results demonstrated that the most frequently published article types in this field are shorter editorial and opinion pieces, and that evidence-based articles are less numerous. However, if current trends continue, projections indicate that by the year 2035, evidence-based articles will be the dominating article type published in this field. Most frequently published topics included career outcomes and workforce characterization and professional development. In recent years, the most cited articles were publications focused on diversity, equity, and inclusion, career outcomes and workforce characterization, and wellness. This study also shows that although a small subset of journals publishes most of this literature, publications are distributed diffusely across a wide range of journals and that surprisingly 68% of these journals have published only a single article on the topic. Further, we noted that the assignment of author- and index-supplied keywords was variable and inconsistent and speculate that this could create challenges to conducting comprehensive literature searches. Recommendations to address this include establishing standard keyword assignment criteria and proposing new index-supplied keywords to improve accessibility of research findings. These changes will be important for bringing visibility of this literature to our community, institutional leaders, national trainee organizations, and funding agencies