Serum 25(OH)D and incidence of atrial fibrillation.

<p>Serum 25(OH)D and incidence of atrial fibrillation.</p

Results of Mendelian randomization analyses with the genetic risk scores in quartiles.

<p>Panel A: quartiles of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D genetic risk score in relation to C-reactive protein. P for trend = 0.056. Panel B: quartiles of the C-reactive protein genetic risk score in relation to 25-hydroxyvitamin D. P for trend = 0.374Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.</p

Characteristics of study participants.

<p>Numbers show mean (SD) for age, body mass index, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, systolic blood pressure, eGFR and TC/HDL ratio, median (IQR) for C-reactive protein and alcohol intake, and frequency (%) for sex, smoking, prevalent DM and level of education</p><p>Abbreviations: eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; TC/HDL ratio = total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein ratio; DM = diabetes mellitus; ISCED = International Standard Classification of Education</p><p>Characteristics of study participants.</p

Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and C-reactive protein.

<p>Model 1: adjusted for age, sex and cohort</p><p>Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, cohort, body mass index, total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein ratio, systolic blood pressure, prevalent diabetes mellitus, estimated glomerular filtration rate, smoking, alcohol intake, season and level of education</p><p>*25OHD denotes 25-hydroxyvitamin D</p><p>Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and C-reactive protein.</p

Concept of Mendelian randomization.

<p>Concept of Mendelian randomization.</p

Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and C-reactive protein in subjects with data on osteoporosis available.

<p>Model 1: adjusted for age and sex</p><p>Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein ratio, systolic blood pressure, prevalent diabetes mellitus, estimated glomerular filtration rate, smoking, alcohol intake, season and level of education</p><p>Model 3: additionally adjusted for osteoporosis</p><p>* 25OHD denotes 25-hydroxyvitamin D.</p><p>Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and C-reactive protein in subjects with data on osteoporosis available.</p

The association between metabolic syndrome, osteopenia and osteoporosis in women and men.

<p>Reference group are subjects with no osteopenia, neither osteoporosis: Confounders include age, body mass index, height, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol intake, fallings in the last 12 months, use of diuretics drugs, use of hormone replacement therapy, use of corticosteroids drugs, use of drugs for bone and other musculoskeletal diseases and Dutch Healthy Diet Index.</p

Baseline characteristics for participants.

<p>HRT: Hormone replacement therapy</p><p>*999 female and 768 male individuals with available measure of BMD at the second round</p><p>**1,403 female and 1,118 male individuals with available measure of hip bone geometry</p><p>Baseline characteristics for participants.</p

The longitudinal association of metabolic syndrome with bone mineral density.

<p>MS, metabolic syndrome; FN-BMD, femoral neck bone mineral density</p><p>Model 1: Adjusted for age and type of DXA scan</p><p>Model 2: Model 1 +body mass index and height</p><p>Model 3: Model 2 + smoking status, physical activity, alcohol intake, fallings in the last 12 months, use of diuretics drugs, use of hormone replacement therapy, use of corticosteroids drugs, use of drugs for bone and other musculoskeletal diseases and Dutch Healthy Diet Index.</p><p>*index time (time points when the DXA measurements were performed), β = -0.012, p<0.001; interaction MS x index time: β = -0.008, p = 0.031</p><p>** index time, β = -0.012, p<0.001; interaction MS component x index time: β = -0.003, p = 0.021</p><p>#no significant interaction between MS (or MS component) and index time (p>0.50) was observed in any of the analysis in men and therefore data are not shown</p><p>The longitudinal association of metabolic syndrome with bone mineral density.</p

Level of glycemic derangement, bone architecture and fracture risk.

<p>Cartoon depicting the differences in bone mineral density, fracture risk and changes in bone microarchitecture across the stages of glucose derangement. Metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus individuals have higher BMD but do not experience yet an increase in fracture risk. With sustained bad glycemic control, the damage of bone microarchitecture represented by accumulation of microcracks and cortical porosity becomes a possibility which may explain the bone fragility and fracture susceptibility despite the observed increase in BMD. Drawing is not to scale.</p