Xylem vulnerability curves for each population of the four species studied (<i>Betula pendula</i>, <i>Populus tremula</i>, <i>Picea abies</i> and <i>Pinus sylvestris</i>).

<p>The shaded band represents the standard deviation. CR: Czech Republic; Fi-RU: Finland-Ruotsinkylä; NE: The Netherlands; PO: Portugal; Fi-HYY: Finland-Hyytiälä; Fi-VA: Finland-Värriö; IT: Italy; SW-LOE: Switzerland-Loetschental; SW-PFY: Switzerland- Pfynwald.</p

Effects of population and site on <i>P</i>_<i>50</i> (MPa), xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity (<i>K</i>_<i>s</i>, kg m^-1 MPa^-1 s^-1) and branch growth (BG, estimated as branch radius/xylem age (mm/year)) of study species, according to nested ANOVAs.

<p>The F, p-values and degrees of freedom are shown. Pop: population.</p

Intraspecific (CV_sp) and inter-population (CV_inter) coefficient of variability (%) for the xylem pressure inducing a 50% loss of conductance (<i>P</i>₅₀, MPa), xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity (<i>K</i>_<i>s</i>, kg m^-1 MPa^-1 s^-1) and branch growth (BG, estimated as branch radius/xylem age (mm/year)) for each study species.

<p>Intraspecific (CV_sp) and inter-population (CV_inter) coefficient of variability (%) for the xylem pressure inducing a 50% loss of conductance (<i>P</i>₅₀, MPa), xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity (<i>K</i>_<i>s</i>, kg m^-1 MPa^-1 s^-1) and branch growth (BG, estimated as branch radius/xylem age (mm/year)) for each study species.</p

Correlation coefficients (Pearson or Spearman) and p-values for the relationships between the mean xylem pressure inducing a 50% loss of conductance (<i>P</i>₅₀, MPa), xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity (<i>K</i>_s, kg m^-1 MPa^-1 s^-1) and branch growth (BG, estimated as branch radius/xylem age (mm/year)) and the climatic variables for each sampling site.

<p>Correlation coefficients (Pearson or Spearman) and p-values for the relationships between the mean xylem pressure inducing a 50% loss of conductance (<i>P</i>₅₀, MPa), xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity (<i>K</i>_s, kg m^-1 MPa^-1 s^-1) and branch growth (BG, estimated as branch radius/xylem age (mm/year)) and the climatic variables for each sampling site.</p

Appendix F. Temporal mean and SD for individual sites.

Temporal mean and SD for individual sites

Correlation coefficients (Pearson or Spearman) for the relationship between <i>P</i>₅₀ (MPa) and xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity (<i>K</i>_s, kg m^-1 MPa^-1 s^-1) for each tree.

<p>Statistical significances are shown.</p

Quantifying <i>in situ</i> phenotypic variability in the hydraulic properties of four tree species across their distribution range in Europe - Fig 3

<p>Mean <i>P</i>_<i>50</i> (MPa) per population plotted against latitude (3.a, decimal degrees) and the climatic variables for each sampled population and site: 3.b. mean annual temperature (MAT, °C); 3.c. total annual precipitation; (MAP, mm); 3.d. AI: aridity index (MAP/PET or potential evapotranspiration).</p

Appendix D. Temporal variability (CV) for individual sites.

Temporal variability (CV) for individual sites

Appendix C. Temporal variability (CV) calculated after randomly assigning the two replicate plots of each mixture to either the population CV or the community CV omitting the functional group level.

Temporal variability (CV) calculated after randomly assigning the two replicate plots of each mixture to either the population CV or the community CV omitting the functional group level

Appendix A. Spatial CVs.

Spatial CVs