Sports Gambling in Nebraska: A Good Bet for the Good Life

I. Introduction II. Background ... A. History of Sports Betting ... B. Federal Intervention ... C. Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act (PASPA) ... D. Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association … 1. The Meaning of PASPA’s Authorization Provision ... 2. The Anticommandeering Doctrine ... 3. The Supremacy Clause and Preemption ... 4. The Severability Doctrine III. Sports Gambling in Nebraska ... A. Constitutional Referendum ... B. Interstate Pressure ... C. Reasons for Legalization ... 1. Economic Incentives ... 2. Public Support ... 3. Consumer Protection ... D. Proposed Oversight ... 1. Nebraska Gaming Commission ... 2. Nebraska Department of Revenue ... 3. Nebraska Gamblers Assistance Program IV. Conclusion Nebraska should legalize and regulate sports gambling. In May 2018, the Supreme Court struck down the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act (PASPA), a federal bill designed to ban sports gambling across the United States. Consequently, sports gambling became a state issue. Each state must now decide whether to continue prohibiting or to legalize and regulate sports gambling. The Supreme Court’s decision has sparked a state-by-state debate over the benefits of legalizing sports gambling. This Note examines those benefits and discusses how and why Nebraska should legalize and regulate sports gambling. Part II provides a background on sports gambling. It examines three distinct periods of sports gambling history: the early colonization of America, the turn of the nineteenth century, and the time between the mid-1930s and the present. Part II also examines the federal government’s attempt to regulate sports gambling, including the enactment of PASPA. Part II further discusses the Supreme Court’s holding that PASPA was unconstitutional. It examines the Supreme Court’s analysis in Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association by discussing PASPA’s “authorization” provision and how it pertains to the anticommandeering doctrine, the Supremacy Clause, and the severability doctrine. In addition, Part II examines the fallout from the Supreme Court’s holding in Murphy and how each state must now choose prohibition or legalization and regulation. Part III discusses why and how Nebraska should legalize and regulate sports gambling. It looks at the economic benefits of legalization, including how new streams of revenue can offset Nebraska’s growing deficit. Moreover, it examines how public sentiment supports legalization efforts. In addition, legalization would increase employment opportunities. Part III also discusses key consumer protection components and why regulations should be implemented. Finally, Part III proposes statutory language for creating the Nebraska Gaming Commission and enabling it to regulate sports gambling. The newly created commission would be directly supervised by the Nebraska Department of Revenue. In addition, Part III prescribes the regulatory power and responsibilities for the Commission, including tax and enforcement powers, and the responsibility to support the Nebraska Gamblers Assistance Program. Lastly, Part III examines the various pathways for the legalization of sports gambling in Nebraska

Increasing the Space Charge Limit and Other Effects of Cesium Seeding in Hydrogen Negative Ion Sources

The role of cesium seeding in increasing the negative ion current in volume sources is described. By a reduction in the local plasma potential the current of extracted electrons is vastly reduced. As a result, cesium increases the fraction of the transverse space charge limit available to the ions by as much as a factor of three. In addition, cesium can increase the total space charge limit by injection of Cs+ into the presheath-a newly recognized phenomenon consistent with experimental measurements and determined from application of a Double-Vlasov model for negative ion extraction

Sports Gambling in Nebraska: A Good Bet for the Good Life

I. Introduction II. Background ... A. History of Sports Betting ... B. Federal Intervention ... C. Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act (PASPA) ... D. Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association … 1. The Meaning of PASPA’s Authorization Provision ... 2. The Anticommandeering Doctrine ... 3. The Supremacy Clause and Preemption ... 4. The Severability Doctrine III. Sports Gambling in Nebraska ... A. Constitutional Referendum ... B. Interstate Pressure ... C. Reasons for Legalization ... 1. Economic Incentives ... 2. Public Support ... 3. Consumer Protection ... D. Proposed Oversight ... 1. Nebraska Gaming Commission ... 2. Nebraska Department of Revenue ... 3. Nebraska Gamblers Assistance Program IV. Conclusion Nebraska should legalize and regulate sports gambling. In May 2018, the Supreme Court struck down the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act (PASPA), a federal bill designed to ban sports gambling across the United States. Consequently, sports gambling became a state issue. Each state must now decide whether to continue prohibiting or to legalize and regulate sports gambling. The Supreme Court’s decision has sparked a state-by-state debate over the benefits of legalizing sports gambling. This Note examines those benefits and discusses how and why Nebraska should legalize and regulate sports gambling. Part II provides a background on sports gambling. It examines three distinct periods of sports gambling history: the early colonization of America, the turn of the nineteenth century, and the time between the mid-1930s and the present. Part II also examines the federal government’s attempt to regulate sports gambling, including the enactment of PASPA. Part II further discusses the Supreme Court’s holding that PASPA was unconstitutional. It examines the Supreme Court’s analysis in Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association by discussing PASPA’s “authorization” provision and how it pertains to the anticommandeering doctrine, the Supremacy Clause, and the severability doctrine. In addition, Part II examines the fallout from the Supreme Court’s holding in Murphy and how each state must now choose prohibition or legalization and regulation. Part III discusses why and how Nebraska should legalize and regulate sports gambling. It looks at the economic benefits of legalization, including how new streams of revenue can offset Nebraska’s growing deficit. Moreover, it examines how public sentiment supports legalization efforts. In addition, legalization would increase employment opportunities. Part III also discusses key consumer protection components and why regulations should be implemented. Finally, Part III proposes statutory language for creating the Nebraska Gaming Commission and enabling it to regulate sports gambling. The newly created commission would be directly supervised by the Nebraska Department of Revenue. In addition, Part III prescribes the regulatory power and responsibilities for the Commission, including tax and enforcement powers, and the responsibility to support the Nebraska Gamblers Assistance Program. Lastly, Part III examines the various pathways for the legalization of sports gambling in Nebraska

Electron collection radius of an electrostatic probe immersed in a low-pressure plasma

A technique is described for determining the electron collection distance by an electrostatic probe. A pulsed laser beam coaxial with the probe creates, by the photodetachment of plasma negative ions, a burst of electrons. The measurement of the amplitude of the probe electron current pulse as a function of the laser beam diameter indicates that the electron collection distance by the probe is twice the sheath thickness given by Kiel.On décrit une technique pour déterminer la zone d'attraction d'une sonde électrostatique. Un faisceau laser pulsé, coaxial avec la sonde crée, par photodétachement des ions négatifs, une bouffée d'électrons. La mesure sur la sonde de l'amplitude de cette impulsion d'électrons en fonction du diamètre du faisceau laser montre que la distance d'attraction des électrons par la sonde est le double de l'épaisseur de la gaine donnée par Kiel

Elicitation et resistance induite

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Toxicite vis a vis du tabac des fractions purifiees d'un filtrat de culture Phytophtora cryptogea Pethyb. et Laff.

National audienceA strain of Phytophthora cryptogea was grown on PLICH liquid medium (stationary culture for 21 days at 24 °C). Crude culture filtrate was highly toxic to tobacco leaves and consequently a purification procedure was devised to isolate the toxic substance. The toxicity was assayed at each step of purification using the tobacco leaf test (table 1). After dialysis and precipitation with ammonium sulfate (50 % W/v), the toxic pellet was chromatographed on D.E.A.E. cellulose with 10 mM tris-acetate buffer (pH 8) and the same buffer containing 0.25 and 1 M NaCI (fig. 1). The non-bound fraction (DI) proved toxic and was further fractionated on CM-cellulose with 10 mM sodium acetate-acetic acid (pH 5) alone and with 0.5 NaCI. The (DI) fraction was resolved into a non-bound peak (CI), devoid of toxicity and a second peak (CII) eluted with 0.5 M NaCl and toxic to tobacco leaves (fig. 2). The CII fraction was then further purified by exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G50 eluted with water (fig. 4A). The excluded peak (GI) was not toxic but a second one (GII) proved toxic and behaviour on Sephadex G25 is shown on fig. 4B. The crude culture filtrate and the (CII) fraction lost their toxicity on tobacco when heated (30 min at 120 °C) at pH 8 or 10 (the toxicity being preserved if heated at pH 4 and 6) or digested by Pronase (Tables 3 and 4). Chemical analysis (Table 2) indicated that fraction (GI) contained mainly mannose and glucose and that (GII) appeared to be probably a peptide. The purification procedure applied three times on two different culture filtrates of the same strain gave identical results.Une souche de Phytophthora cryptogea, isolée de gerbera, est cultivée sur milieu liquide de PLICH (1979) durant 21 j, à 24 °C, sans agitation. Sur le filtrat de culture, fortement toxique à l’égard de feuilles de tabac, un schéma de purification a été mis au point afin d’isoler et de caractériser la substance toxique. Après dialyse et précipitation au sulfate d’ammonium (50 p. 100 P/v), le culot est chromatographié sur D.E.A.E. cellulose (fig. 1) ; la fraction non liée (DI), toxique, est alors chromatographiée sur C.M. cellulose, où elle se sépare en 2 pics dont seul le pic lié (CII) est toxique (fig. 2). La fraction (CII) est ensuite purifiée sur Sephadex G50 (fig. 4A) : le pic GI, renfermant surtout glucose et mannose, n’est pas toxique, le pic GII, toxique, est de nature peptidique (tabl. 2). Toutes les fractions obtenues lors des diverses étapes de purification ont été testées quant à leur toxicité vis-à-vis de feuilles détachées de tabac (tabl. 1) et le schéma de purification, appliqué 3 fois à 2 filtrats de culture, a donné des résultats identiques. Enfin, filtrat brut et fraction purifiée (CII) se montrent également sensibles à la température et à l’action de la pronase (tabl. 3 et 4)

Isolement et etude structurale de glucanes de Phytophtora parasitica

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Etude biochimique des polysaccharides et glycoconjugues isoles de Phytophthora parasitica dastur et Fusarium oxysporum F. sp. Dianthi inducteurs de la synthese de phytoalexines chez l'oeillet

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Isolement composition et activite elicitrice chez l'oeillet de fractions extraites de la paroi de Phytophthora parasitica Dastur

National audienceWater-soluble extracts were released from the cell walls of the phytopathogenic fungus Phytophthora parasitica by various treatments. Applied to carnation cuttings, they elicited the accumulation of phytoalexins : the N-benzoylanthranilic derivatives, dianthalexin and dianthramide A. Extract S1, obtained by hot water treatment of the cell walls, had the highest specific activity. It contained proteins (54 %), polysaccharides and trace amounts of lipids. The lipids in S1 were represented by free and esterified fatty acids and, among the latter, a high proportion of unsaturated C20 acids. They were devoid of eliciting ability on carnation (as well as the lipids directly extracted from the cell walls). Using anion exchange chromatography, S1 was separated into fractions A (non retained) and B (retained). beta-D-glucans were the major components of A and were purified. The glucan of lowest molecular weight faintly elicited carnation ; the others did not. Fraction B had the greatest eliciting activity and was composed of proteins and polysaccharides containing a high proportion of mannose. Its activity, as well as that of extract S1, was destroyed by pronase and by periodate oxidation. Thus, the eliciting factor could be a glycoprotein.Divers traitements de la paroi du champignon phytopathogène Phytophthora parasitica fournissent des extraits hydrosolubles capables d’éliciter chez l’oeillet l’accumulation de phytoalexines dérivées de l’acide N-benzoylanthranilique : la dianthalexine et la dianthramide A. L’extrait S1 obtenu par autoclavage de la paroi dans l’eau est quantitativement le plus actif. Il contient des protéines (54 p. 100), des polysaccharides et des traces de lipides. Les lipides de S1 sont représentés par des acides gras libres et des acides gras estérifiés, ces derniers contenant une forte proportion d’acides insaturés en C20. Ils sont dépourvus d’activité élicitrice chez l’oeillet (ainsi que les lipides directement extraits de la paroi). La chromatographie d’échange anionique permet de séparer S1 en une fraction non liée (A) et une fraction retenue (B). Des beta-D-glucanes, composants majoritaires de A, ont été purifiés. Le composé de plus faible masse moléculaire a un faible pouvoir éliciteur, les autres aucun. La fraction la plus élicitrice (B) est composée de protéines et de polysaccharides contenant une forte proportion de mannose. Son activité, comme celle de l’extrait S1, est détruite par action de la pronase et par oxydation periodique, ce qui incite à penser que le principe éliciteur pourrait être de nature glycoprotéique