The peripheral cannabinoid receptor Cb2 in leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a blood cell disorder characterized by an accumulation of immature blasts in bone marrow and blood. Human AML is frequently characterized by non-random chromosome translocations resulting in the generation of specific transforming fusion genes and fusion proteins, of which a significant number has been cloned, e.g. AML1-ETO fusion gene in AML with a t(8;21) translocation or PML-RAR in cases with translocation t(15;17). However, in approximately 40 - 50% of AML cases no chromosomal abnormalities are evident, indicating that other more subtle mutations are responsible for the leukemic transformation of myeloid precursor cells. Moreover, AML, like other cancers, is a multigenic disease resulting from an accumulation of multiple genetic aberrations. Thus even in cases with well-characterized translocations, additional genetic defects have likely contributed to the development of AML. The identification and functional analysis of novel disease genes in AML is a major goal of our research group. One approach utilized to identify novel disease genes in leukemia is retroviral insertional mutagenesis. Mice injected with murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs) develop leukemia following proviral insertion into or near potential disease genes. Viral insertions found in a particular locus in independent tumors are called common virus integration sites, cVIS, and mark the locations of potential proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. The mouse strain and the type of retrovirus used will determine the kind of leukemia that will develop. We used NIH/Swiss mice injected with Cas-Br-M MuLV which develop frequently myeloid leukemias. Using this combination, we previously identified the cVIS Evi11 and demonstrated that the gene encoding the peripheral cannabinoid receptor Cb2 is the likely target gene. Cb2 encodes a seven transmembrane receptor that belongs to the G proteincoupled receptor (GPCR) family and is predominantly present on B lymphocytes. The main objective of the work presented in this thesis is to determine whether Cb2 is indeed a proto-oncogene and, if so, by which mechanism it may transform hematopoietic precursor cells

Hematopoietic cells expressing the peripheral cannabinoid receptor migrate in response to the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol

Cb2 is a novel protooncogene encoding the peripheral cannabinoid receptor. Previous studies demonstrated that 2 distinct noncoding first exons exist: exon-1A and exon-1B, which both splice to protein-coding exon-2. We demonstrate that in retrovirally induced murine myeloid leukemia cells with proviral insertion in Cb2, exon-1B/exon-2 Cb2 messenger RNA levels have been increased, resulting in high receptor numbers. In myeloid leukemia cells without virus insertion in this locus, low levels of only exon-1A/exon-2 Cb2 transcripts were present and receptors could not be detected. To elucidate the function of Cb2 in myeloid leukemia cells, a set of in vitro experiments was carried out using 32D/G-CSF-R (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor) cells transfected with exon-1B/exon-2 Cb2 complementary DNA and a myeloid cell line carrying a virus insertion in Cb2 (ie, NFS 78). We demonstrate that a major function of the Cb2 receptor is stimulation of migration as determined in a transwell assay. Exposure of Cb2-expressing cells to different cannabinoids showed that the true ligand for Cb2 is 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), which may act as chemoattractant and as a chemokinetic agent. Furthermore, we observed a significant synergistic activity between 2-AG and interleukin-3 or G-CSF, suggesting cross-talk between the different receptor systems. Radioactive-ligand binding studies revealed significant numbers of Cb2 receptors in normal spleen. Transwell experiments carried out with normal mouse spleen cells showed 2-AG-induced migration of B220-, CD19-, immunoglobulin M-, and immunoglobulin D-expressing B lymphocytes. Our study demonstrates that a major function of Cb2 receptor expressed on myeloid leukemia cells or normal splenocytes is stimulation of migration

The tumor suppressor MIR139 is silenced by POLR2M to promote AML oncogenesis

MIR139 is a tumor suppressor and is commonly silenced in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, the tumor-suppressing activities of miR-139 and molecular mechanisms of MIR139-silencing remain largely unknown. Here, we studied the poorly prognostic MLL-AF9 fusion protein-expressing AML. We show that MLL-AF9 expression in hematopoietic precursors caused epigenetic silencing of MIR139, whereas overexpression of MIR139 inhibited in vitro and in vivo AML outgrowth. We identified novel miR-139 targets that mediate the tumor-suppressing activities of miR-139 in MLL-AF9 AML. We revealed that two enhancer regions control MIR139 expression and found that the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) downstream of MLL-AF9 epigenetically silenced MIR139 in AML. Finally, a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screen revealed RNA Polymerase 2 Subunit M (POLR2M) as a novel MIR139-regulatory factor. Our findings elucidate the molecular control of tumor suppressor MIR139 and reveal a role for POLR2M in the MIR139-silencing mechanism, downstream of MLL-AF9 and PRC2 in AML. In addition, we confirmed these findings in human AML cell lines with different oncogenic aberrations, suggesting that this is a more common oncogenic mechanism in AML. Our results may pave the way for new targeted therapy in AML.Proteomic

Targeting CDK1 promotes FLT3-activated acute myeloid leukemia differentiation through C/EBPα

Mutations that activate the fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) receptor are among the most prevalent mutations in acute myeloid leukemias. The oncogenic role of FLT3 mutants has been attributed to the abnormal activation of several downstream signaling pathways, such as STAT3, STAT5, ERK1/2, and AKT. Here, we discovered that the cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) pathway is also affected by internal tandem duplication mutations in FLT3. Moreover, we also identified C/EBPα, a granulopoiesis-promoting transcription factor, as a substrate for CDK1. We further demonstrated that CDK1 phosphorylates C/EBPα on serine 21, which inhibits its differentiation-inducing function. Importantly, we found that inhibition of CDK1 activity relieves the differentiation block in cell lines with mutated FLT3 as well as in primary patient-derived peripheral blood samples. Clinical trials with CDK1 inhibitors are currently under way for various malignancies. Our data strongly suggest that targeting the CDK1 pathway might be applied in the treatment of FLT3ITD mutant leukemias, especially those resistant to FLT3 inhibitor therapies

High-speed automatic characterization of rare events in flow cytometric data

10.1371/journal.pone.0228651PLoS ONE152e022865