Иммунологические маркеры прогноза ответа на иммунотерапию при немелкоклеточном раке легкого

Itroduction. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have become the standard of care for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. However, despite the determination of programmed death-ligand 1 expression in clinical practice, which determines the effectiveness of therapy, up to 80 % of patients with non-small cell lung cancer do not respond to treatment.The study objective – investigation of the prognostic role of clinical and immunological markers during immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy in ≥2 lines in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Materials and methods. The study included 45 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer receiving programmed cell death 1 / programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitors in monotherapy in 2 and subsequent lines (Group 1), as well as 30 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer receiving first-line chemotherapy (Group 2). All patients from 2 groups did not have autoimmune diseases before starting treatment. The determination of autoantibodies, β-2-microglobulin, neopterin, interleukin 6, interleukin 18 and the allelic variant of HLA-DRB1 in patients in the Group 1 was carried out 2 months after the start of therapy, and in the Group 2 – before the start of the next chemotherapy cycle.Results. In Group 1, the presence of EGFR / ALK mutations is an independent predictor of shorter progression-free survival (p = 0.018). Also, in the univariate analysis, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio <5 before immune checkpoint inhibitors (p = 0.009) and the appearance of immune-related adverse events (p = 0.038) are associated with long-term progressionfree survival. In Group 1, β-2-microglobulin was lower in patients with a response duration of ≥6 months than with a progression <6 months: 1.7 mg / L and 2.9 mg / L, respectively (p <0.0001). Patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors with a β-2-microglobulin level ≥2.5 mg / L have a shorter progression-free survival than patients with a marker value <2.5 mg / L: 168 days and the value is not reached, respectively (p = 0.017). In response duration ≥6 months neopterin value was lower than in disease progression: 8.6 nmol / l and 13.4 nmol / L, respectively (p <0,0001). Progression-free survival was lower in patients with neopterin ≥12 nmol / L than patients with neopterin <12 nmol / L: median was 164 days and the value was not reached, respectively (p = 0.0007). Based on the results of multivariate analysis, β-2-microglobulin ≥2.5 mg / L (p = 0.006) and neopterin ≥12 nmol / L (p = 0.027) were independent predictors of shorter progression-free survival. Low levels of interleukin 6 and interleukin 18, as well as antibodies to thyroperoxidase, are associated with a response of ≥6 months. HLA-DRB1*03 was associated with a duration of response of ≥6 months, as well as a longer progression-free survival compared with other allelic variants. The levels of β-2-microglobulin, neopterin, interleukin 6, interleukin 18 were higher in patients in Group 1 than in patients in Group 2 (p <0.0001).Conclusion. Immunological markers can serve as promising prognosis markers in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer during immunotherapy.Введение. Терапия ингибиторами контрольных точек иммунного ответа стала стандартом лечения пациентов с распространенным немелкоклеточным раком легкого. Однако, несмотря на выявление в клинической практике экспрессии лиганда рецептора программируемой клеточной гибели 1, определяющей эффективность терапии, до 80 % пациентов с данной патологией не отвечают на лечение.Цель исследования – оценить прогностическую роль клинических и иммунологических маркеров при использовании ингибиторов контрольных точек иммунного ответа в монорежиме в ≥2 линиях распространенного немелкоклеточного рака легкого.Материалы и методы. В исследование включены 45 пациентов с распространенным немелкоклеточным раком легкого, получавшие ингибиторы контрольных точек иммунного ответа (1-я группа), а также 30 пациентов с данной патологией, которым проводили в 1-й линии химиотерапию (2-я группа). У всех больных до начала лечения не было аутоиммунных заболеваний. Определение аутоантител, β-2-микроглобулина, неоптерина, интерлейкина 6, интерлейкина 18 и HLA-DRB1 в 1-й группе проводилось через 2 мес после начала терапии, а во 2-й – перед началом очередного цикла химиотерапии.Результаты. В 1‑й группе наличие мутаций EGFR / ALK является независимым предиктором низких показателей выживаемости без прогрессирования (p = 0,018). В ходе однофакторного анализа было выявлено, что нейтрофильнолимфоцитарное отношение до начала применения ингибиторов контрольных точек иммунного ответа <5 (p = 0,009) и появление иммуноопосредованных нежелательных явлений (p = 0,038) связаны с высокими показателями выживаемости без прогрессирования. В 1-й группе уровень β-2-микроглобулина был ниже при длительности ответа ≥6 мес, чем при прогрессировании <6 мес: 1,7 и 2,9 мг / л соответственно (p <0,0001). У пациентов, получавших ингибиторы контрольных точек иммунного ответа, с уровнем β-2-микроглобулина ≥2,5 мг / л наблюдаются более низкие показатели выживаемости без прогрессирования, чем у пациентов со значением этого маркера <2,5 мг / л: 168 дней и значение не достигнуто соответственно (p = 0,017). При длительности ответа ≥6 мес значение неоптерина оказалось ниже, чем при прогрессировании заболевания: 8,6 и 13,4 нмоль / л соответственно (p <0,0001). Показатели выживаемости без прогрессирования были хуже у больных с уровнем неоптерина ≥12 нмоль / л, чем у больных с уровнем этого маркера <12 нмоль / л (медиана 164 дня и значение не достигнуто соответственно; p = 0,0007). По результатам многофакторного анализа β-2-микроглобулин ≥2,5 мг / л (p = 0,006) и неоптерин ≥12 нмоль / л (p = 0,027) оказались независимыми предикторами более короткой выживаемости без прогрессирования. Низкие уровни интерлейкина 6 и интерлейкина 18, а также антитела к тиреоидной пероксидазе связаны с ответом ≥6 мес. Ген HLA-DRB1*03 ассоциирован с ответом ≥6 мес, а также с более высокими показателями выживаемости без прогрессирования по сравнению с другими аллельными вариантами. Уровни β-2-микроглобулина, неоптерина, интерлейкина 6 и интерлейкина 18 в 1-й группе по сравнению со 2-й группой оказались выше (p <0,0001).Заключение. Иммунологические маркеры могут служить перспективными прогностическими факторами у пациентов с распространенным немелкоклеточным раком легкого при применении ингибиторов контрольных точек иммунного ответа

Erlotinib in combined therapy of common lung adenocarcinoma in the presence of EGFR gene mutation

The article presents data on the efficacy of erlotinib in the treatment of NSCLC in the presence of EGFR gene mutation. Its advantages over chemotherapy in terms of survival, quality of life, and tolerability of treatment, both as monotherapy and in combination with cytostatics and other targeted drug – VEGF inhibitor – Bevacizumab, are shown. A clinical case of EGFR-positive NSCLC and its treatment with erlotinib was considered. Ways of overcoming resistance to treatment are studied. The use of erlotinib should be considered as one of the standard methods of first and subsequent therapy in patients with NSCLC in later stages with confirmed mutations of the EGFR gene

Clinical case of long-term pemetrexed-based chemotherapy treatment for pulmonary adenocarcinoma (ALA +)

The article describes a clinical case of ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer and its long-term treatment with a chemotherapy drug pemetrexed as first-line regimen followed by pemetrexed maintenance therapy

THE RANDOMIZED STUDY OF EFFICIENCY OF PREOPERATIVE PHOTODYNAMIC

The authors made a prospective randomized comparison of results of preoperative photodynamic therapy (PhT) with chemotherapy, preoperative chemotherapy in initial unresectable central non-small cell lung cancer in stage III. The efficiency and safety of preoperative therapy were estimated as well as the possibility of subsequent surgical treatment. The research included patients in stage IIIA and IIIB of central non-small cell lung cancer with lesions of primary bronchi and lower section of the trachea, which initially were unresectable, but potentially the patients could be operated on after preoperative treatment. The photodynamic therapy was performed using chlorine E6 and the light of wave length 662 nm. Since January 2008 till December 2011, 42 patients were included in the research, 21 patients were randomized in the group for photodynamic therapy and 21 — in group without PhT. These groups were compared according to their sex, age, stage of the disease and histological findings. After nonadjuvant treatment the remissions were reached in 19 (90%) patients of the group with PhT and in 16 (76%) patients without PhT and all the patients were operated on. The explorative operations were made on 3 patients out of 16 operated on in the group without PhT (19%). In the group PhT 14 pneumonectomies and 5 lobectomies were perfomed opposite 10 pneumonectomies and 3 lobectomies in group without PhT. The degree of radicalism of resection appears to be reliably higher in the group PhT (RO– 89%, R1–11% as against RO–54%, R1–46% in group without PhT), p=0,038. The preoperative endobronchial PhT conducted with chemotherapy was characterized by efficiency and safety, allowed the surgical treatment and elevated the degree of radicalism of this treatment in selected patients, initially assessed as unresectable

Reduction of resection volume in patients with non-small cell lung cancer after neoadjuvant chemoand photodynamic therapy

OBJECTIVE. The research evaluated efficacy of combined treatment of initially nonresectable and inoperable cases of non-small cell lung cancer. The treatment consisted of preoperative endobronchial and intraoperave photodynamic therapies. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The prospective investigation included patients with central non-small cell lung cancer. These cases were initially considered as nonresectable (the trachea was involved in tumor) or inoperable (functional intolerance of pneumoectomy/ bilobectomy). Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (2-6 courses) and endobronchial photodynamic therapy (PDT) were conducted for these patients in preoperative period. PDT of resection edge was carried out during the operation and it was straight away after specimen removal and ipsilateral lymphodissection. RESULTS. The research was made on 38 patients. Lung resections underwent 30 (79 %) patients. Surgeries included 20 pneumoectomies and 10 lobectomies. Bronchial resection was performed by crossing an initially affected zone. It was noted that 5-year survival consisted of 68 %. CONCLUSIONS. Photodynamic therapy was important in combination with chemotherapy and surgical treatment of central non-small cell lung cancer. These measures allowed doctors to decrease the resection volume in part of inoperable patients or patients with initially nonresectable tumors