13 research outputs found
POPULATION STRUCTURE OF LEAF PATHOGENS OF COMMON SPRING WHEAT IN THE WEST ASIAN REGIONS OF RUSSIA AND NORTH KAZAKHSTAN IN 2017
Wheat diseases affecting leaves like leaf rust (Puccinia triticina), tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) and spot blotch (Сochliobolus sativus = Bipolaris sorokiniana) are widely spread and potentially dangerous in the West-Asian region of Russia and North Kazakhstan. The study of these pathogens’ populations is very important for genetic protection of wheat. The objective of this study was to explore the population structure of the causative agents of leaf rust and tan spot on spring wheat based on virulence traits and assessing the distribution of the causative agent of spot blotch in the West-Asian region of Russia and North Kazakhstan. The source of inoculum were wheat leaves affected by leaf rust and spot diseases collected in the Chelyabinsk and the Omsk region of Russia and in North Kazakhstan. Virulence analysis of P. triticina using 20 lines with known Lr genes demonstrated that all 109 monopustule isolates were avirulent on ТсLr24. The isolates virulent on ТсLr19 were identified only in the Chelyabinsk population. The prevalence of isolates virulent on ТсLr2a, ТсLr2b, ТсLr2c, ТсLr11, ТсLr15, ТсLr16, ТсLr20 and ТсLr26 was higher in the Omsk and the North Kazakhstani population, while virulence to ТсLr9 was higher in Chelyabinsk. Using 20 TcLr-lines, we identified 27 virulent phenotypes of P. triticina: 12 in the Omsk, 19 in the Chelyabinsk and 8 in the Kazakhstani population. The phenotypes TLTTR (avirulent to TcLr16, TcLr19, TcLr24, TcLr26), TCTTR (avirulent to TcLr9, TcLr16, TcLr19, TcLr24), and TBTTR (avirulent to TcLr9, TcLr16, TcLr19, TcLr24, TcLr26) were observed in all the populations. The phenotypes TQTTR (avirulent to TcLr19, TcLr24, TcLr26) and TGTTR (avirulent to TcLr9, TcLr19, TcLr24, TcLr26, TcLr9, TcLr19, TcLr24, TcLr26) were common in the Omsk and the North Kazakhstani population, while THPTR (avirulent to avTcLr9, TcLr11, TcLr19, TcLr24) and TCTTQ (avirulent to TcLr9, TcLr16, TcLr19, TcLr20, TcLr24) were common in the Omsk and the Chelyabinsk population. There was a high genetic similarity in virulence and phenotypic composition between the Omsk and the North Kazakhstani population as well as between the Omsk and the Chelyabinsk population and a moderate similarity between the Chelyabinsk and the North Kazakhstani population. The prevalence of the spot blotch pathogen was higher in the material collected from the Omsk region, while none of this pathogen was identified in the North Kazakhstani material. The isolates of tan spot were identified in all the regions. Five races of P. tritici-repentis were identified among Chelyabinsk isolates based on the toxins produced by the following pathogens: race 1 (PtrToxA PtrToxС); race 2 (PtrToxA); race 7 (PtrToxA, PtrToxВ), race 8 (PtrToxA, PtrToxВ, PtrToxС), and race 4 (does not produce toxins). Three races were identified in the Omsk region (1 – 3) and four, in North Kazakhstan (1 – 4). A total of 26 P. tritici-repentis phenotypes were identified by virulence analysis using 11 differential lines: two were present in all the populations; two. in Chelyabinsk and North Kazakhstan; one, in Omsk and Chelyabinsk; and all the others were original. A high degree of similarity between the obligate pathogen P. triticina and the saprophytic pathogen P. tritici-repentis in the West-Asian region of Russia and in North Kazakhstan demonstrates that this is one epidemiological region across this wheat production area. The presence of common phenotypes suggests there is a the possibility of gene exchange between the populations and this shall be considered while releasing genetically protected wheat varieties
Modern types of consulting in the management system of an educational organisation
Introduction. In market economy, the internal and external processes of educational organisations are becoming more complex. There is a need to identify managerial practices, which can be delegated to external consultants. The process of defining such practices is not completely studied. The application of expert support from leaders and management teams is often situational.The aim of the present research is to identify the range of managerial problems of educational organisations, which cause the need to resort to external consulting support.Methodology and research methods. The application of the method of cluster analysis of text data of periodicals allowed the authors to investigate a potential market for consulting services, to identify the modern management needs of educational organizations and the experience of their solution by external organisations. The analysis of open data of consulting organisations was carried out to identify real practices.Results. The main management problems of educational organisations and the types of consulting services necessary for their solution are considered and classified. The main approaches to defining the framework of educational consulting are highlighted. The authors have developed the method for monitoring the prospective market for consulting services. It was determined that the growing demand for consulting services and the expansion of the range of these services are associated with the formation of a market environment in the education system and the desire of management of educational organisations to provide a competitive advantage. The cases of Russian and foreign consulting organisations were analysed and grouped in accordance with the proposed typology.Scientific novelty. In academic literature, the study of this issue is mainly limited to defining the boundaries of educational consulting. The authors have made an attempt to identify typical situations, in which managers of educational organisations need to request the services of external experts.Practical significance. The results of the current research can serve as a guideline for the management of educational organisations, when making managerial decisions. It will allow the managers to determine the cases, in which it is possible to turn to external consultants according to the supply conditions on the market, and to identify the issues, regarding which it is desirable to rely solely on internal resources.Введение. В связи с усложнением внутренних и внешних процессов деятельности образовательной организации в рыночных условиях возникает потребность в идентификации управленческих практик, которые могут быть делегированы внешним консультантам. Процесс определения таких практик в полной мере не изучен, а экспертная поддержка руководителей и менеджерских команд часто носит ситуативный характер. Цель исследования – выявление спектра управленческих проблем образовательных организаций, вызывающих потребность в получении внешней консультационной поддержки.Методология и методики. С помощью метода кластерного анализа текстовых данных периодических изданий исследован потенциальный рынок консалтинговых услуг, идентифицированы современные управленческие проблемы образовательных организаций и опыт их решения внешними организациями. Для выявления кейсов проведен анализ открытых данных консалтинговых организаций. Результаты. Рассмотрены и классифицированы основные управленческие проблемы образовательных организаций и способствующие их решению типы консалтинговых услуг. Выделены основные подходы к определению рамок консалтинга в сфере образования, разработан способ мониторинга перспективного рынка консалтинговых услуг. Установлено, что рост спроса на эти услуги и расширение их линейки связаны с формированием рыночной среды в системе образования и стремлением менеджеров образовательных организаций обеспечить конкурентное преимущество. Проанализированы и сгруппированы в соответствии с предложенной типологией кейсы российских и зарубежных консалтинговых агентств. Научная новизна. В академической литературе изучение указанного проблемного поля сводится преимущественно к определению границ образовательного консалтинга. Авторами статьи предпринята попытка выявить типовые ситуации, побуждающие образовательные организации обращаться к внешним экспертам. Практическая значимость. Результаты исследования станут ориентиром для руководства образовательных организаций при принятии управленческих решений, что позволит менеджерам самостоятельно определять, в каких случаях возможным, ввиду существующего на рынке предложения, является обращение к внешним консультантам, а в каких вопросах желательно опираться исключительно на внутренние ресурсы
Биомаркеры острого респираторного дистресс-синдрома: проблемы и перспективы их применения
The review analyzes the results of modern clinical and experimental studies on the search and informative value of biomarkers for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It describes ARDS biomarkers of the main morphological changes in the lungs and severity of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Biomarkers of injury of bronchial epithelium, alveolar epithelium, vascular endothelium and pulmonary extracellular matrix were analyzed to determine the most informative indicators of ARDS of different etiology. It was found that for diagnosis and prognosis of the course of ARDS, the following biomarkers were the most informative: interleukin-6, a soluble form of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), surfactant protein D, protein KL-6, vascular endothelial growth factor, and angiopoietin-2. Using a multimarker panel for simultaneous determination of these indicators can promote rapid diagnostics of ARDS.В обзоре проведен анализ результатов современных клинических и экспериментальных исследований, посвященных поиску и оценке информативности биомаркеров острого респираторного дистресс-синдрома (ОРДС). Приведены сведения о биомаркерах ОРДС, характеризующих основные морфологические изменения легких и степень выраженности синдрома системного воспалительного ответа. С целью определения наиболее информативных показателей ОРДС различной этиологии проанализированы данные о биомаркерах, свидетельствующих о повреждении бронхиального эпителия, альвеолярного эпителия, эндотелия сосудов и экстрацеллюлярного матрикса легких. Установлено, что для диагностики и прогноза течения ОРДС наибольшим потенциалом обладают: интерлейкин-6, растворимая форма рецептора конечных продуктов гликозилирования (sRAGE), сурфактантный белок D, белок KL-6, фактор роста эндотелия сосудов, ангиопоэтин-2. Для экспресс-диагностики ОРДС следует считать перспективным одновременное определение перечисленных показателей, которое может быть реализовано в виде мультимаркерной панели
Biomarkers of acute respiratory distress syndrome: problems and prospects of their application
The review analyzes the results of modern clinical and experimental studies on the search and informative value of biomarkers for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It describes ARDS biomarkers of the main morphological changes in the lungs and severity of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Biomarkers of injury of bronchial epithelium, alveolar epithelium, vascular endothelium and pulmonary extracellular matrix were analyzed to determine the most informative indicators of ARDS of different etiology. It was found that for diagnosis and prognosis of the course of ARDS, the following biomarkers were the most informative: interleukin-6, a soluble form of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), surfactant protein D, protein KL-6, vascular endothelial growth factor, and angiopoietin-2. Using a multimarker panel for simultaneous determination of these indicators can promote rapid diagnostics of ARDS
Distribution of <i>Plasmopara viticola</i> Causing Downy Mildew in Russian Far East Grapevines
Downy mildew is a severe disease that leads to significant losses in grape yields worldwide. It is caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola. The study of the distribution of this agent and the search for endophytic organisms that inhibit the growth of P. viticola are essential objectives to facilitate the transition to sustainable and high-yield agriculture, while respecting the environment. In this study, high-throughput sequencing of the ITS (ITS1f/ITS2 region) and 16S (V4 region) amplicons was employed to analyze 80 samples of leaves and stems from different grapevine species and cultivars grown in the Russian Far East (Vitis amurensis Rupr., Vitis coignetiae Pulliat, and several grapevine cultivars). The analysis revealed the presence of P. viticola in 53.75% of the grape samples. The pathogen P. viticola was not detected in V. amurensis samples collected near Vladivostok and Russky Island. Among the P. viticola-affected samples, only two (out of the eighty analyzed grape samples) from the Makarevich vineyard in Primorsky Krai exhibited disease symptoms, while the majority appeared visually healthy. We also found six distinct P. viticola ASVs in our metagenomic data. Based on phylogenetic analysis, we hypothesize that the P. viticola population in the Russian Far East may have originated from the invasive P. viticola clade aestivalis, which has spread around the world from North America. To identify putative microbial antagonists of P. viticola, a differential analysis of high-throughput sequencing data was conducted using the DESeq2 method to compare healthy and P. viticola-affected samples. The in silico analysis revealed an increased representation of certain taxa in healthy samples compared to P. viticola-affected ones: fungi—Kabatina sp., Aureobasidium sp., and Vishniacozyma sp.; bacteria—Hymenobacter spp., Sphingomonas spp., Massilia spp., Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum spp., and Chryseobacterium spp. This in-silico-obtained information on the potential microbial antagonists of P. viticola serves as a theoretical basis for the development of biocontrol agents for grapevine downy mildew
PUlmonotoxicyty Of syNThETIC POLYMERS combustion products
Pulmonotoxicants are the substances causing structural and functional disorders of respiratory system. The main sources of pulmonotoxicants in the environment are thermal decomposition of synthetic polymeric materials in fires. The possibility of formation of pulmonotoxicants during the combustion of synthetic polymers of different composition with regard to the conditions of combustion (temperature, time, sufficient oxygen) was analyzed. The risk of lung damage has been considered taking into account the duration of exposure to the toxicant. In addition to general toxic carbon monoxide and cyanide, the products of thermal destruction of halogen-containing and nitrogen-containing substances pose a great danger in case of fire due to their high pulmonotoxicity. The lung damage risk is considered with account for toxicants exposure duration. The pulmonotoxicants classification has been proposed according to their hazard in relation to their concentration in the air. Main mechanisms of effect of pulmonotoxicants formed during the pyrolysis of various polymeric synthetic materials have been proposed. The description of clinical manifestations as the result of intoxication with these materials under various toxodoses effect has been shown. The hazardous risk spectrum has changed depending on the toxic exposure duration that determines the variance of treatment approaches: from possible etiotropic treatment to pathogenetic therapy of toxic pulmonary edema