Self-determined citizens? New forms of civic activism and citizenship in Armenia

This article examines the recent emergence and growth of grassroots social movements in Armenia which are locally known as ‘civic initiatives’. It considers what their emergence tells us about the development of civil society and the changing understandings and practices of citizenship in Armenia in the post-Soviet period. It analyses why civic initiatives explicitly reject and distance themselves from formal, professionalised NGOs and what new models of civic activism and citizenship they have introduced. It argues that civic initiatives embrace a more political understanding of civil society than that which was introduced by Western donors in the 1990s

Resonance phenomena in microwave nonmagnetized plasma source. Plasmachemical application

Scheme of coaxial microwave gas-discharge plasma source based on a “plasma resonance” phenomenon is presented. Possibility of conditions realization at which energy of accelerated in the “resonance” electrons goes into ionization processes (in volume of chamber outside of “resonance” region) is discussed. Results of experimental investigation of a coaxial microwave plasmatron in which “resonance” mechanisms have been manifested are presented. A plasmachemical reactor based on a “resonance” plasmatron is described. The data on plasmachemical decomposition of CF2Cl2 are displayed