General issues of homonymy in the Persian language

© By the author(s). The importance of the problem under investigation is the following: it indicates important sub-levels and lexical-semantic features of homonyms in the modern Persian language; it observes the material basis of linguistic nature of these phenomena (homonyms), elevating the issue to the level of the fundamental current problems, which are under multidimensional analysis, synthesis, generalization on a scientific level nowadays. Theoretical foundations of the common problems of homonymy in modern Persian as the main aspect of a global lexical study are represented in this paper. It was revealed that the traditional principles of general differentiation of homonyms into three common classes (lexical, morphological and lexical - grammatical) in modern Persian due to its linguistic features is not sufficient. In addition, groups of situational and mixed homonyms were detected. The investigation highlights the examples of homonymy formed by grammatical means (prefixes, suffixes); homonymy of compound words, the cases which have not been traditionally is not represented in the previous lexicological works, as well as their lexical-semantic differentiation and their interaction at the level of literary and dialectal vocabulary. The article proceedings can be are useful for the linguists, the experts of lexicology and language teachers. Also it can be recommended for undergraduates, post graduate students and students of high school with in-depth research training in the field of linguistics

"Charged" Particle's Tunneling from Rotating Black Holes

The behavior of a scalar field theory near the event horizon in a rotating black hole background can be effectively described by a two dimensional field theory in a gauge field background. Based on this fact, we proposal that the quantum tunneling from rotating black hole can be treated as "charged" particle' s tunneling process in its effectively two dimensional metric. Using this viewpoint and considering the corresponding "gauge charge" conservation, we calculate the non-thermal tunneling rate of Kerr black hole and Myers-Perry black hole, and results are consistent with Parikh-Wilczek's original result for spherically symmetric black holes. Especially for Myers-Perry black hole which has multi-rotation parameters, our calculation fills in the gap existing in the literature applying Parikh-Wilczek's tunneling method to various types black holes. Our derivation further illuminates the essential role of effective gauge symmetry in Hawking radiation from rotating black holes.Comment: 15 pages, no figure; any comments are welcome

«ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ИСЛАМСКОГО СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА» И ВЫРАБОТКА МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ ПОЗИЦИИ МУСУЛЬМАНСКОЙ УММЫ

The article relates to how common international position of Islamic Umma is formulated by the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Some problems of the OIC key decision-making bodies functioning are considered. Political contradictions impeding the process of formulating the concerted Umma position are analyzed. Decisions of the Islamic summits and of the OIC Councils of Foreign Ministers are explored. Much attention is paid to the issue of the Russian Federation and OIC cooperation to settle diffi cult international problems.Статья посвящена вопросам выработки единой международной позиции исламской уммы в структурах Организации Исламского сотрудничества (ОИС). Рассматриваются проблемы функционирования ключевых органов принятия решений и подразделений Организации, анализируются политические противоречия, затрудняющие выработку согласованной позиции уммы, исследуются решения исламских саммитов и Совета министров иностранных дел ОИС. Поднимается проблема взаимодействия Российской Федерации и ОИС в обсуждении и решении сложных международных проблем

Analysis of the Degree of Involvement of the Lower Limb Muscles in the Pathological Process in Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis

Background. The problem of the effect of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis on the functional condition of the lower limb muscles is still highlighted insufficiently.Aim. Analysis of the degree of involvement of the lower limb muscles in the pathological process in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis.Methods. A comparative analysis has been made on the results of examination of 209 adolescents: 25 adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis; 170 normal adolescents; 14 adolescents with congenital scoliosis. The moments of force ofthe lower limb muscles were evaluated using dynamometric stands. Electrophysiological characteristics of the lower limb muscles were registered by the method of global and stimulation electroneuromyography.Results. The decrease in the amplitude of voluntary EMG of the femoral muscles in adolescents with idiopathic and congenital scoliosis is accompanied by dropping the moments of force relative to the values of the control group. The leg muscles are characterized by the preservation of the values of force at the level of normal test subjects under the conditions of the reduced voluntary EMG of high frequency. The amplitude of the M-responses of the indicator muscles and the values of the excitation propagation velocity along the motor fibers were also preserved. There are no statistically significant correlations between the amount of the spine deformity, on the one hand, and the values of asymmetry of the characteristics of the muscles in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis.Conclusion. In adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis the function of femoral muscles is decreased, and there is no relationship between the amount of the spine deformity and the values of asymmetry of the characteristics of the lower limb muscles. The similar character of muscle function changes in adolescents with idiopathic and congenital scoliosis can testify that the cause of the observed changes is not the disease etiology, but the insufficient level of motor activity

Primary lymphangiectasia of the gastrointestinal tract

Intestinal lymphangiectasia is a very rare pathology, characterized by the presence of enlarged lymphatic vessels in all layers of the intestinal wall and in the mesentery. As a result, "lymphatic lakes" are formed, through which lymph exudates into the lumen of the intestine. The main manifestation is hypoproteinemic edema. Diagnosis of the disease is based on laboratory-instrumental methods of investigation, including by determining in the stool α-1 antitrypsin as a screening test. Treatment includes: a diet rich in calcium, trace elements, be sure to use medicinal foods enriched with medium chain triglycerides, substitution and symptomatic therapy

Black Hole Evaporation in a Noncommutative Charged Vaidya Model

The aim of this paper is to study the black hole evaporation and Hawking radiation for a noncommutative charged Vaidya black hole. For this purpose, we determine spherically symmetric charged Vaidya model and then formulate a noncommutative Reissner-Nordstr$\ddot{o}$m-like solution of this model which leads to an exact $(t-r)$ dependent metric. The behavior of temporal component of this metric and the corresponding Hawking temperature is investigated. The results are shown in the form of graphs. Further, we examine the tunneling process of the charged massive particles through the quantum horizon. It is found that the tunneling amplitude is modified due to noncommutativity. Also, it turns out that black hole evaporates completely in the limits of large time and horizon radius. The effect of charge is to reduce the temperature from maximum value to zero. It is mentioned here that the final stage of black hole evaporation turns out to be a naked singularity.Comment: 25 pages, 36 figures, accepted for publication in J. Exp. Theor. Phy

Конкурсы чтецов корана в Нижегородской области: анализ практик консолидации уммы

This article is devoted to the practices of religious education and socialization of Muslims in the Nizhny Novgorod region, more precisely, to the study of Qur’an reciting competitions in the period from 2005 till 2021. The purpose of the study is to reveal the essence of these practices. The sources of the research include information materials of the official Internet site of Spiritual Boards of Muslims of Nizhny Novgorod Region (DUM NO), and the results of an interviews with representatives of the organizers’ team of the competition and teachers of maktabs. Based on this goal, the authors seek to reconstruct the specifics of the organization of the Qur’an reciting competition. The study has used the interdisciplinary approach and methods of social sciences. The research identified the following practices: the practice of mentoring and systematic training and education; the practice of teaching and religious education through contemporary means of communication; the practice of common work and competition in good deeds; the practice of thanksgiving, praising the Almighty; socialization practice, strengthening unity within the ummah; the practice of encouraging of the acquisition of new knowledge; vocational guidance practice. The research scientific novelty is expressed by systematization of information about Qur’an reciting competitions in the Nizhny Novgorod region.Данная статья посвящена практикам религиозного образования и социализации верующих в нижегородской умме, используемым при подготовке и проведении конкурсов на лучшее чтение Корана, проходящих ежегодно с 2005 г. и по настоящее время в Нижегородской области. Цель исследования — раскрыть содержание этих практик, которые помогают верующим через совместный труд социализироваться, укрепить идентичность прежде всего внутри нижегородской мусульманской уммы. Источниковую базу исследования составляют информационные материалы официального интернет-сайта Духовного управления мусульман Нижегородской области, а также интервью, взятые одним из авторов статьи у представителя команды организаторов конкурса и педагога мактаба. До этой работы конкурсы чтецов Корана в современной России не были предметом научных изысканий. В ходе настоящего исследования были выявлены следующие практики: практика наставничества и систематического обучения, исламского просвещения; практика обучения и религиозного воспитания через современные средства коммуникации; практика общего труда и состязательности в добрых делах; практика благодарения, восхваления Всевышнего; практика социализации, укрепления единства внутри уммы; практика поощрения получения нового знания; профориентационная практика. Практики, связанные с подготовкой и проведением конкурса чтецов Корана, наполняются новым содержанием, учитывают региональные нижегородские особенности и уровень развития образовательных, коммуникативных технологий. Показана возможность успешного применения информационных технологий и коммуникаций в образовательном и воспитательном процессе мусульманской молодежи. Развитие исследований регионального опыта конкурсов чтецов Корана позволит составить научно обоснованную картину продвижения успешных практик консолидации исламской уммы в современной России

Giant Anharmonic Phonon Scattering in PbTe

Understanding the microscopic processes affecting the bulk thermal conductivity is crucial to develop more efficient thermoelectric materials. PbTe is currently one of the leading thermoelectric materials, largely thanks to its low thermal conductivity. However, the origin of this low thermal conductivity in a simple rocksalt structure has so far been elusive. Using a combination of inelastic neutron scattering measurements and first-principles computations of the phonons, we identify a strong anharmonic coupling between the ferroelectric transverse optic (TO) mode and the longitudinal acoustic (LA) modes in PbTe. This interaction extends over a large portion of reciprocal space, and directly affects the heat-carrying LA phonons. The LA-TO anharmonic coupling is likely to play a central role in explaining the low thermal conductivity of PbTe. The present results provide a microscopic picture of why many good thermoelectric materials are found near a lattice instability of the ferroelectric type

Observer Dependent Horizon Temperatures: a Coordinate-Free Formulation of Hawking Radiation as Tunneling

We reformulate the Hamilton-Jacobi tunneling method for calculating Hawking radiation in static, spherically-symmetric spacetimes by explicitly incorporating a preferred family of frames. These frames correspond to a family of observers tied to a locally static timelike Killing vector of the spacetime. This formulation separates the role of the coordinates from the choice of vacuum and thus provides a coordinate-independent formulation of the tunneling method. In addition, it clarifies the nature of certain constants and their relation to these preferred observers in the calculation of horizon temperatures. We first use this formalism to obtain the expected temperature for a static observer at finite radius in the Schwarzschild spacetime. We then apply this formalism to the Schwarzschild-de Sitter spacetime, where there is no static observer with 4-velocity equal to the static timelike Killing vector. It is shown that a preferred static observer, one whose trajectory is geodesic, measures the lowest temperature from each horizon. Furthermore, this observer measures horizon temperatures corresponding to the well-known Bousso-Hawking normalization.Comment: 11 pages, 1 2-part figure, references added, appendix added, discussion streamline

How often does the Unruh-DeWitt detector click? Regularisation by a spatial profile

We analyse within first-order perturbation theory the instantaneous transition rate of an accelerated Unruh-DeWitt particle detector whose coupling to a massless scalar field on four-dimensional Minkowski space is regularised by a spatial profile. For the Lorentzian profile introduced by Schlicht, the zero size limit is computed explicitly and expressed as a manifestly finite integral formula that no longer involves regulators or limits. The same transition rate is obtained for an arbitrary profile of compact support under a modified definition of spatial smearing. Consequences for the asymptotic behaviour of the transition rate are discussed. A number of stationary and nonstationary trajectories are analysed, recovering in particular the Planckian spectrum for uniform acceleration.Comment: 30 pages, 1 figure. v3: Added references and minor clarification