Noticias sobre la Educación Universitaria y el Derecho Privado en China

Al estilo de una crónica de viaje, este trabajo compendia una serie de observaciones realizadas por una profesora de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Buenos Aires durante su estancia académica en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Pekín, de la República Popular China. Pero asimismo deviene un breve ensayo académico en el que se exponen referencias a la historia y la cultura chinas, deteniéndose en conceptos referidos a la educación y al derecho de ese país, con una lectura especial sobre la evolución de su derecho privado, la proyectada codificación del derecho civil y comercial, los nuevos enfoques sobre la persona, la responsabilidad civil y las prácticas judiciales

Diffusion, drift and their interrelation through volume density

International audienceThe evolution of the understanding of the mass transport phenomena in solids and liquids reduce the gap between these continua and allow for the unification of phenomenological models. We consider the central Darken problem of the choice of the coordinate axes for diffusion. Namely, the definition of this mode of motion and the method how diffusion displacement is defined and measured. In our analysis we extensively use the Euler's and Liouville theorems. We derive the formula of volume density conservation, i.e., the volume continuity equation. This fundamental formula defines the volume-fixed frame of reference in the multicomponent, solid, gas and liquid solutions. The volume fixed frame of reference is self-consistent with the foundations of linear irreversible thermodynamics except recognizing the need to add volume density to the usual list of extensive physical properties undergoing transport in every continuum. Proposed modifications are self-consistent with the literature dating back to Onsager, the experiments of Kirkendall, their interpretation by Darken and recent generalized formulations. It will be shown that the method can be used in mechano-chemistry and electro-mechano-chemistry

Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium DT104 Isolated from Humans, United States, 1985, 1990, and 1996

First isolated from an ill person in 1985, multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium DT104 emerged in the mid-1990s as a strain of Salmonella frequently isolated from humans in the United States. We compared the integron content, plasmid profile, and XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of multidrug-resistant S. Typhimurium DT104 (MR-DT104) isolated from humans in the United States in 1985, 1990, and 1996. All isolates contained a 60-mDa plasmid and had indistinguishable PFGE and integron profiles, supporting the idea of a clonal relationship between recent and historical isolates. The data suggest that the widespread emergence of MR-DT104 in humans and animals in the 1990s may have been due to the dissemination of a strain already present in the United States rather than the introduction of a new strain

Remodeling of T Cell Dynamics During Long COVID Is Dependent on Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Several COVID-19 convalescents suffer from the post-acute COVID-syndrome (PACS)/long COVID, with symptoms that include fatigue, dyspnea, pulmonary fibrosis, cognitive dysfunctions or even stroke. Given the scale of the worldwide infections, the long-term recovery and the integrative health-care in the nearest future, it is critical to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms as well as possible predictors of the longitudinal post-COVID-19 responses in convalescent individuals. The immune system and T cell alterations are proposed as drivers of post-acute COVID syndrome. However, despite the number of studies on COVID-19, many of them addressed only the severe convalescents or the short-term responses. Here, we performed longitudinal studies of mild, moderate and severe COVID-19-convalescent patients, at two time points (3 and 6 months from the infection), to assess the dynamics of T cells immune landscape, integrated with patients-reported symptoms. We show that alterations among T cell subsets exhibit different, severity- and time-dependent dynamics, that in severe convalescents result in a polarization towards an exhausted/senescent state of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and perturbances in CD4+ Tregs. In particular, CD8+ T cells exhibit a high proportion of CD57+ terminal effector cells, together with significant decrease of naïve cell population, augmented granzyme B and IFN-γ production and unresolved inflammation 6 months after infection. Mild convalescents showed increased naïve, and decreased central memory and effector memory CD4+ Treg subsets. Patients from all severity groups can be predisposed to the long COVID symptoms, and fatigue and cognitive dysfunctions are not necessarily related to exhausted/senescent state and T cell dysfunctions, as well as unresolved inflammation that was found only in severe convalescents. In conclusion, the post-COVID-19 functional remodeling of T cells could be seen as a two-step process, leading to distinct convalescent immune states at 6 months after infection. Our data imply that attenuation of the functional polarization together with blocking granzyme B and IFN-γ in CD8+ cells might influence post-COVID alterations in severe convalescents. However, either the search for long COVID predictors or any treatment to prevent PACS and further complications is mandatory in all patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, and not only in those suffering from severe COVID-19

Two-dimensional Navier--Stokes simulation of deformation and break up of liquid patches

The large deformations and break up of circular 2D liquid patches in a high Reynolds number (Re=1000) gas flow are investigated numerically. The 2D, plane flow Navier--Stokes equations are directly solved with explicit tracking of the interface between the two phases and a new algorithm for surface tension. The numerical method is able to pursue the simulation beyond the breaking or coalescence of droplets. The simulations are able to unveil the intriguing details of the non-linear interplay between the deforming droplets and the vortical structures in the droplet's wake.Comment: 13 pages including 4 postscript figures; Revised version as resubmitted to PRL. Title has change

25 years after Vi typhoid vaccine efficacy study, typhoid affects significant number of population in Nepal

Salmonella Typhi, first isolated in 1884, results in infection of the intestines and can end in death and disability. Due to serious adverse events post vaccination, whole cell killed vaccines have been replaced with new generation vaccines. The efficacy of Vi polysaccharide (ViPS) vaccine, a new generation, single-dose intramuscular typhoid vaccine was assessed in Nepal in 1987. However, despite the availability of ViPS vaccine for more than 25 years, Nepal has one of the highest incidence of typhoid fever. Therefore we collected information from hospitals in the Kathmandu Valley from over the past five years. There were 9901 enteric fever cases between January 2008 and July 2012. 1,881 of these were confirmed typhoid cases from five hospitals in the Kathmandu district. Approximately 70% of the cases involved children under 15 years old. 1281 cases were confirmed as S. Paratyphi. Vaccines should be prioritized for control of typhoid in conjunction with improved water and sanitation conditions in Nepal and in endemic countries of Asia and Africa

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) of ion sensors Direct modeling and inverse problem solving using the Nernst-Planck-Poisson (NPP) model and the HGS(FP) optimization strategy

The Nernst-Planck-Poisson (NPP) model is used to numerically simulate electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). By using the Hierarchical Genetic Strategy with real number encoding (HGS(FP)) the reverse problem is solved. The NPP-HGS(FP) method allows estimation of physicochemical parameters of ISEs with plastic membranes, which is illustrated here by using NPP-HGS(FP) for obtaining the values of the diffusion coefficients of ions in the ISE membrane phase.The NPP-HGS(FP) method allows calculation of the most accurate solution of the inverse problem and can be effectively used to facilitate the process of finding the parameters for optimal ISE performance.The method presented here not only allows for interpretation of the EIS spectra but also for accounting for the mechanism of the processes occurring at the interface in terms of physicoelectrochemically valid concepts. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved