22 research outputs found
Marine gas engine marine gas engines application speaking of 6th Marpol Annex
The International Maritime Organization set up a global strategy for reducing emission of sulphur from marine fuels,
from 4.5% to 0.5% by the end of the year 2020. In order to such strategy, ship-owners need to fulfil increasing demands
according to reduce pollution. New regulations, force ship-owners to reduce production of pollution, but as the devices
create to remove some part of pollution are very expensive in use, began to search for cheaper and more effective solutions.
The main aim of this article is to present superiority of using gas fuel over liquid fuel on ships. The construction of
marine engines, run by a gas fuel is in the scope of interest of scientist’s research during the last couple of years. This
branch of technology develops very dynamic recently, according to savings that can be reach while using gas engines on
ships. Apart of cost reduction, new types of marine engines are able to cope with more and more restrictive regulations that
are published in international convention MARPOL. Such restriction became the reason for the biggest, international
corporations, specialists in engines production, to carry on long-term researches on new ways to power ship engines. One of
the world’s greatest engine producer is British Rolls-Royce that became pioneer and built the first gas engine.
New power unit, Bergen B-gas B35:40V is the one of the most modern type of such engine in the world. The solid
construction of this engine was based on engine B32. It became very efficiently because of many rationalizations in
maintenance and exploitation. Two main priorities, while developing conception for this model, were minimization of
fuel consumption and operating simplification.
The authors of these article present advantages of using marine engines powered by gas, according to the
international MARPOL regulations that became very restrictive in order to protect marine environment. As the
examples were used products of Rolls-Royce Company
Creative writing programmes and patronage
Creative Writing programmes in universities now offer both an education for and employment to literary writers. This papers asks how literary writers apprehend their relatively recently institutionalised position, as university staff and students. The concept of ‘patronage’, it is argued, offers a useful way into reflecting upon such academic institutionalisation. The argument is presented in three parts. The first outlines some of the conceptual nuances of patronage. The second examines the oft made claim that universities extend patronage to literary writers by enabling employment as Creative Writing staff. The third part engages with a question: what precisely does a student expect to gain from a Creative Writing programme and what does the degree validate? It is suggested that Creative Writing programmes are designed principally to offer supportive patronage, with a promise – but without guarantees – of entry into a financial patronage system. A brief conclusion considers the bearing of these arguments on Creative Writing as a school subject