Control of a continuously variable transmission in an experimental vehicle

This paper focusses on the development of a component controllerfor a hydraulically actuated metal push-belt Continuously Variable Transmission(CVT), using models for the mechanical and the hydraulic part of the CVT. Theratio controller guarantees that one clamping pressure setpoint is minimal, whilethe other is raised above the minimum level to enable shifting. This approach is beneficial with respect to efficiency and wear. Vehicle experiments show that goodtracking is obtained. The largest deviations from the ratio setpoint are caused by hardware limitations

Optimal energy management for a flywheel-based hybrid vehicle

This paper presents the modeling and design of an optimal Energy Management Strategy (EMS) for a flywheel-based hybrid vehicle, that does not use any electrical motor/generator, or a battery, for its hybrid functionalities. The hybrid drive train consists of only low-cost components, such as a flywheel module and a continuously variable transmission. This hybrid drive train is characterized by a relatively small energy capacity (flywheel) and discrete shifts between operation modes, due to the use of clutches. The main design criterion of the optimized EMS is the minimization of the overall fuel consumption, over a pre-defined driving cycle. In addition, comfort criteria are formulated as constraints, e.g., to avoid high-frequent shifting between driving modes. The criteria are used to find the optimal sequence of driving modes and the generated engine torque. Simulations show a fuel saving potential of 20% to 39%, dependent on the chosen driving cycle

Reconstruction of isolated scaphoid dislocation with carpal dissociation, associated with a carpal anomaly

A case is presented of isolated scaphoid dislocation with carpal dissociation in the presence of a lunato-triquetral coalition. We present the treatment and follow-up of this case. In addition, the literature on scaphoid dislocation and its treatment is reviewed. We emphasize the need to reconstruct the carpal alignment and scapho-lunate linkage

The incidence of associated fractures of the upper limb in fractures of the radial head

Radial head fractures are common injuries. In American publications, one-third of the patients with these fractures have been shown to have associated injuries. The aim of this retrospective study is to describe the epidemiology of radial head fractures and associated fractures of the ipsilateral upper extremity in a European population. This study describes the epidemiology of radial head and associated fractures of the upper extremity in a Dutch population by a retrospective radiographic review of all patients with a radial head fracture between 1 January 2006 and 1 July 2007. A total of 147 radial head fractures were diagnosed in 145 patients. The incidence in the general population was 2.5 per 10.000 per year. The average age was 45.9 (SD 17.3) years and male–female ratio was 2:3. The mean age of males was significantly lower (37.1, SD 14.2 years) than of women (53.9, SD 16.4 years). Associated fracture of the upper extremity was found in 10.2%. Coronoid fractures were most common (4.1%). Associated upper limb fractures in patients with a radial head fracture are common in the European population. It is of clinical importance to suspect associated lesions and to perform a thorough physical examination and additional radiological examination on demand

The Empact CVT: modeling, simulation and experiments

This paper shows the implementation of a simulation model for newelectromechanically actuated metal V-belt type continuously variabletransmission (CVT), referred to as the Empact CVT. An analysis ofthe dynamics of the actuation system and of the driveline shows thatthe eigenfrequencies of the system depend on both the CVT ratio andthe slip in the variator. An accurate variator model is required to incorporateall characteristic dynamics. The implemented variator modelis an explicit formulation of a model which gives an estimation of thetension forces and compression forces in the pushbelt. The simulationmodel also includes slip, shifting losses based on transient variator modelsand friction. Simulations are compared to measurements, showinggood results

Dementia and delirium, the outcomes in elderly hip fracture patients

Background: Delirium in hip fractured patients is a frequent complication. Dementia is an important risk factor for delirium and is common in frail elderly. This study aimed to extend the previous knowledge on risk factors for delirium and the consequences. Special attention was given to patients with dementia and delirium. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study performed in the Amphia Hospital, Breda, the Netherlands. A full electronic patient file system (Hyperspace Version IU4: Epic, Inc., Verona, WI, USA) was used to assess data between January 2014 and September 2015. All patients presented were aged ≥70 years with a hip fracture, who underwent surgery with osteosynthesis or arthroplasty. Patients were excluded in case of a pathological or a periprosthetic hip fracture, multiple traumatic injuries, and high-energy trauma. Patient and surgical characteristics were documented. Postoperative outcomes were noted. Delirium was screened using Delirium Observation Screening Scale and dementia was assessed from medical notes. Results: Of a total of 566 included patients, 75% were females. The median age was 84 years (interquartile range: 9). Delirium was observed in 35%. Significant risk factors for delirium were a high American Society of Anesthesiology score, delirium in medical history, functional dependency, preoperative institutionalization, low hemoglobin level, and high amount of blood transfusion. Delirium was correlated with a longer hospital stay (P=0.001), increased association with comp

Magnetic resonance imaging findings in 46 elbows with a radial head fracture

Radial head fractures are common, and may be associated with other injuries of clinical importance. We present the results of a standard additional MRI scan for patients with a radial head fracture. PATIENTS AND METhods: 44 patients (mean age 47 years) with 46 radial head fractures underwent MRI. 17 elbows had a Mason type-I fracture, 23 a Mason type-II fracture, and 6 elbows had a Mason type-III fracture. Associated injuries were found in 35 elbows: 28 elbows had a lateral collateral ligament lesion, 18 had capitellar injury, 1 had a coronoid fracture, and 1 elbow had medial collateral ligament injury. The incidence of associated injuries with radial head fractures found with MRI was high. The clinical relevance should be investigate

Review of Flywheel based Internal Combustion Engine Hybrid Vehicles

Hybrid vehicles of different configurations and utilizing different energy storage systems have existed in development for many decades and more recently in limited production. They can be grouped as parallel, series or complex hybrids. Another classification is micro, mild and full hybrids which makes the distinction on the basis of functionality. The common energy storage systems in hybrid vehicles are batteries, supercapacitors and high speed flywheels. This paper aims to review a specific type of hybrid vehicle which involves the internal combustion engine (ICE) as the prime mover and the high speed flywheel as an energy storage device. Such hybrids are now attracting considerable interest given their potential for low cost. It is hence timely to produce a review of research and development in this subject. The flywheel is coupled to the drive line with a continuous variable transmission (CVT). The CVT can be of various types such as electrical, hydraulic or mechanical but usually in this case it is a non-electrical one. Different configurations are possible and the paper provides a timeline of the development of such powertrains with various examples. These types of hybrid vehicles have existed as prototypes for many decades and the authors believe that their development has reached levels where they can be considered serious contenders for production vehicles

Convergence of Cells from the Progenitor Fraction of Adult Olfactory Bulb Tissue to Remyelinating Glia in Demyelinating Spinal Cord Lesions

Progenitor cells isolated from adult brain tissue are important tools for experimental studies of remyelination. Cells harvested from neurogenic regions in the adult brain such as the subependymal zone have demonstrated remyelination potential. Multipotent cells from the progenitor fraction have been isolated from the adult olfactory bulb (OB) but their potential to remyelinate has not been studied. cell bodies adjacent to and surrounding peripheral-type myelin rings.We report that neural cells from the progenitor fraction of the adult rat OB grown in monolayers can be expanded for several passages in culture and that upon transplantation into a demyelinated spinal cord lesion provide extensive remyelination without ectopic neuronal differentiation